Couche limite turbulente dans les écoulements à surface libre : étude expérimentale d'effets de macro-rugosités

Dans le cas d'écoulements sur fond rugueux, selon la théorie des couches limites sur paroi, la couche limite est composée de trois sous couches : la couche externe, la sous couche rugueuse et une zone de recouvrement entre les deux sous couches. Sous l'hypothèse d'invariance selon la direction transverse, et pour des rapports h/D faible (h hauteur des rugosités, D hauteur d’eau), la théorie prédit que le profil de vitesse longitudinale moyenne suit une loi logarithmique dans la zone de recouvrement. Cette loi permet d'accéder aux paramètres de paroi, comme la longueur de rugosité z0, et permet également d'estimer le coefficient de frottement nécessaire à fermer les équations de St Venant intégrées sur la verticale. Cependant, lorsque l'écoulement se fait en présence de macro-rugosités, i.e. pour h/D important, ou en présence d'un fond rugueux inhomogène, la question de la validité de la loi logarithmique se pose. Une étude expérimentale de deux effets de macro-rugosités a été ici effectuée : l'effet de confinement de la couche limite et l'effet de la présence d'une variation transverse de macro-rugosités. Les écoulements ont été générés dans une veine hydraulique de grande dimension (20m x 1.1m x 0.5m), sur des fonds macro rugueux composés de cubes en PVC de 2 cm de côté. La technique de PIV 2D a été employée. Des moyens techniques nouveaux, tel que l'emploi de cubes en verre BK7, ont permis de mesurer le champ de vitesse entre les rugosités avec une grande résolution spatiale. Dans le cas de fonds rugueux homogènes, il a été mis en évidence que la similarité de la couche externe est observée jusqu'à des confinements h/D = 0.33. Pour de fort confinement (h/D > 0.15), la vitesse de frottement u*, liée à l'intensité de frottement généré à la paroi, n'est plus l’échelle caractéristique de vitesse de l'écoulement. Dans le cas d'écoulements sur fond rugueux inhomogène, une étude préliminaire a permis d'observer l'effet des courants secondaires générés par le changement de rugosité sur la similarité de la couche externe.In the case of turbulent rough flows, according to the wall boundary layers theory, the boundary layer is composed of three sublayers : the outer layer, the roughness sublayer and an overlap between the two sublayers. Under the assumption of invariance under the transverse direction, and for ratios h/D low (h roughness height, D water depth), the theory predicts that the longitudinal mean velocity profile follows a logarithmic law in the overlap layer. This log-law provides access to the wall parameters, as the roughness length z0, and can also estimate the coefficient of friction necessary to close the St Venant equations vertically integrated. However, in presence of macro-roughnesses, i.e. for h/D important, or in presence of a inhomogeneous rough bed, the question of the logarithmic law validity arises. An experimental study of two macro-roughnesses effects has been made : the confinement effect and the transverse variation of macro-roughnesses effect. The regimen were generated in a large open-channel (20m x 1.1mx 0.5m), and macro-rough beds were made with 20 mm plastic cubes. 2D PIV technique was used. New measurement technologies, such as BK7 glass cubes, were used to measure the velocity field between the roughness elements with high spatial resolution. In the case of homogeneous rough bed, it was revealed that the similarity of the outer layer is observed for confinement numbers h/D 0.15), the friction velocity u*, related to the intensity of friction generated at the wall, is no longer the characteristic scale of the flow velocity. In the case of flows over inhomogeneous rough bed, a preliminary study was made to observe the effect of secondary currents generated by the change of roughness on the outer layer similarity

RIPOST: A River Pollution Simulation Tool To Anticipate The Consequence Of Accidental Spills

Accidental pollutant spills are frequent and their impact on water uses downstream difficult to assess precisely in the framework of a crisis management. Therefore, a specific tool, named RIPOST, dedicated to drinking water treatment plant operators was developed to anticipate the consequence of a spill upstream the plant intake. As a decision support tool, RIPOST had to fulfil operational needs: ease of use for operators, quick calculation and providing key information for decision making. A new numerical pollutant spill and transport model has been developed by using integrated Eulerian method under the Telemac 2D software instead of the 1D model usually used. This model enables to simulate the main processes that act on the spilled pollution; in particular it can calculate the transfer time and the transverse concentration gradient evolution along the river whereas 1D model provide also the transfer time but only the mean concentration. That permits to have more relevant results on the transfer time of the pollution, on its maximal concentration, and on alert information based on thresholds at the water intake. In order to be used by non-modellers, the numerical pollutant spill simulation is controlled using a friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI). Using only few parameters (location, duration, volume, concentration of the pollution), and thanks to a simulation time compatible with crisis management, the tool will provide transfer time and pollutant concentration so that the stakeholder can make its decision. The GUI also allows easy integration of new river models by modellers, by facilitating, for example, the definition of points of interest (like dam, or water intake) and also the calculation of the river curvilinear abscissa (called PK: mileage points). In order to validate the simulation system and the GUI, some tracer experiments in real condition were simulated for five rivers in France

Low relative-submergence effects in a rough-bed open-channel flow

Multi-plane stereoscopic PIV measurements were performed in an open-channel flume fitted with cubes to investigate very low submergence ratios, h/k = {1.5, 2, 3}, where h is the water depth and k the roughness height. The spatial standard deviation of the mean flow components reveals that the extent of the roughness sublayer increases drastically with the decrease in h/k to span the entire water column for the lowest h/k investigated. Despite this, the logarithmic law is still observed on the double-averaged velocity profiles for all h/k, first with a fixed von Kármán constant κ and, second, via the indicator function where κ is a free parameter. Also, the longitudinal and vertical normal stresses indicate a universal boundary layer behaviour independent of h/k. The results suggest that the logarithmic and wake-defect laws can still be applied at such low h/k. However, the lateral normal stress depends on h/k in the range investigated as well as on the geometry of the roughness pattern

INTS3 controls the hSSB1-mediated DNA damage response

MISE is identified as a component of the Integrator complex required for DNA repair

Defining the roughness sublayer and its turbulent statistics

The roughness sublayer in a turbulent openchannel flow over a very rough wall is investigated experimentally both within the canopy and above using particle image velocimetry by gaining complete optical access with new methodologies without disturbing the flow. This enabled reliable estimates of the double-averaged mean and turbulence profiles to be obtained by minimizing and quantifying the usual errors introduced by limited temporal and spatial sampling. It is shown, for example, that poor spatial sampling can lead to erroneous vertical profiles in the roughness sublayer. Then, in order to better define and determine the roughness sublayer height, a methodology based on the measured spatial dispersion is proposed which takes into account temporal sampling errors. The results reveal values well below the usual more ad hoc estimates for all statistics. Finally, the doubleaveraged mean and turbulence statistics in the roughness sublayer are discussed

Scour monitoring on bridge pier – methodology and implementation

Managing the scour risk of civil structures such as bridge piers, constitutes a major challenge to sustainable development and land use planning. The SSHEAR project aims to build optimized diagnostic, warning and management methods to benefit civil structures. This article is focused on the "Field" approach of the project that develop continuous and real-time scour monitoring. Based on theoretical approach and river database analysis, requirement specifications definition allowed to choose relevant devices to monitor scour. To complete this monitoring system, vibration-based monitoring will also be installed

Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients

International audienceObjectives: There is little known about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (iRMD). We examined epidemiological characteristics associated with severe disease, then with death. We also compared mortality between patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with and without iRMD.Methods: Individuals with suspected iRMD-COVID-19 were included in this French cohort. Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to estimate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of severe COVID-19. The most significant clinically relevant factors were analysed by multivariable penalised logistic regression models, using a forward selection method. The death rate of hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 (moderate-severe) was compared with a subset of patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19 from a French hospital matched for age, sex, and comorbidities.Results: Of 694 adults, 438 (63%) developed mild (not hospitalised), 169 (24%) moderate (hospitalised out of the intensive care unit (ICU) and 87 (13%) severe (patients in ICU/deceased) disease. In multivariable imputed analyses, the variables associated with severe infection were age (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10), female gender (OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25-0.80), body mass index (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12), hypertension (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.01-3.42), and use of corticosteroids (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.09-3.54), mycophenolate mofetil (OR=6.6, 95% CI: 1.47-29.62) and rituximab (OR=4.21, 95% CI: 1.61-10.98). Fifty-eight patients died (8% (total) and 23% (hospitalised)). Compared with 175 matched hospitalised patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19, the OR of mortality associated with hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 was 1.45 (95% CI: 0.87-2.42) (n=175 each group).Conclusions: In the French RMD COVID-19 cohort, as already identified in the general population, older age, male gender, obesity, and hypertension were found to be associated with severe COVID-19. Patients with iRMD on corticosteroids, but not methotrexate, or tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 inhibitors, should be considered as more likely to develop severe COVID-19. Unlike common comorbidities such as obesity, and cardiovascular or lung diseases, the risk of death is not significantly increased in patients with iRMD

Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients

International audienceObjectives: There is little known about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (iRMD). We examined epidemiological characteristics associated with severe disease, then with death. We also compared mortality between patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with and without iRMD.Methods: Individuals with suspected iRMD-COVID-19 were included in this French cohort. Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to estimate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of severe COVID-19. The most significant clinically relevant factors were analysed by multivariable penalised logistic regression models, using a forward selection method. The death rate of hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 (moderate-severe) was compared with a subset of patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19 from a French hospital matched for age, sex, and comorbidities.Results: Of 694 adults, 438 (63%) developed mild (not hospitalised), 169 (24%) moderate (hospitalised out of the intensive care unit (ICU) and 87 (13%) severe (patients in ICU/deceased) disease. In multivariable imputed analyses, the variables associated with severe infection were age (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10), female gender (OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25-0.80), body mass index (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12), hypertension (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.01-3.42), and use of corticosteroids (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.09-3.54), mycophenolate mofetil (OR=6.6, 95% CI: 1.47-29.62) and rituximab (OR=4.21, 95% CI: 1.61-10.98). Fifty-eight patients died (8% (total) and 23% (hospitalised)). Compared with 175 matched hospitalised patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19, the OR of mortality associated with hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 was 1.45 (95% CI: 0.87-2.42) (n=175 each group).Conclusions: In the French RMD COVID-19 cohort, as already identified in the general population, older age, male gender, obesity, and hypertension were found to be associated with severe COVID-19. Patients with iRMD on corticosteroids, but not methotrexate, or tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 inhibitors, should be considered as more likely to develop severe COVID-19. Unlike common comorbidities such as obesity, and cardiovascular or lung diseases, the risk of death is not significantly increased in patients with iRMD

COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases treated with rituximab: a cohort study

International audienceBackground: Various observations have suggested that the course of COVID-19 might be less favourable in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases receiving rituximab compared with those not receiving rituximab. We aimed to investigate whether treatment with rituximab is associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.Methods: In this cohort study, we analysed data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort, which included patients aged 18 years or older with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases and highly suspected or confirmed COVID-19. The primary endpoint was the severity of COVID-19 in patients treated with rituximab (rituximab group) compared with patients who did not receive rituximab (no rituximab group). Severe disease was defined as that requiring admission to an intensive care unit or leading to death. Secondary objectives were to analyse deaths and duration of hospital stay. The inverse probability of treatment weighting propensity score method was used to adjust for potential confounding factors (age, sex, arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, body-mass index, interstitial lung disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, corticosteroid use, chronic renal failure, and the underlying disease [rheumatoid arthritis vs others]). Odds ratios and hazard ratios and their 95% CIs were calculated as effect size, by dividing the two population mean differences by their SD. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04353609.Findings: Between April 15, 2020, and Nov 20, 2020, data were collected for 1090 patients (mean age 55·2 years [SD 16·4]); 734 (67%) were female and 356 (33%) were male. Of the 1090 patients, 137 (13%) developed severe COVID-19 and 89 (8%) died. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, severe disease was observed more frequently (effect size 3·26, 95% CI 1·66-6·40, p=0·0006) and the duration of hospital stay was markedly longer (0·62, 0·46-0·85, p=0·0024) in the 63 patients in the rituximab group than in the 1027 patients in the no rituximab group. 13 (21%) of 63 patients in the rituximab group died compared with 76 (7%) of 1027 patients in the no rituximab group, but the adjusted risk of death was not significantly increased in the rituximab group (effect size 1·32, 95% CI 0·55-3·19, p=0·53).Interpretation: Rituximab therapy is associated with more severe COVID-19. Rituximab will have to be prescribed with particular caution in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases