Global Medical Teacher

AbstractThis qualitative study is an attempt to find a deeper understanding of the concept of global medical teacher. Data was collected from faculty members of Tehran University of Medical sciences. All participants were selected through snowball sampling. A semi-structured interview with follow up probes was carried out. All interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed.According to one of the emerged categories, themes and sub-themes, global teacher is described as “spirit of education”, “leader” and “creator of change”. It is noteworthy that participants of this study were fully concerned about holistic educational role of teachers.Meanwhile, the requirements of the global world necessitate training of competent learners, which is quite indispensable to promote success of education system. In this stance, spiritual role of teachers amalgamated with their roles as leader and creator of change in educational settings are of major importance. Therefore, definition of “teacher” as one of the major elements of the teaching-learning process should be examined and a new concept must emerge to adapt the evolving needs of this era

Evaluation of the Beliefs of Parents in Iran about How to Care for Children During Dental Visits

Parents play an important role in their children’s dental care and in their behavior during dental visits. Separating children from their parents during dental visits has been a challenging subject of debate for many years. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate parents’ attitudes about being present during their children’s visits to the dentist. The subjects for this cross-sectional study included 340 Iranian parents of five-10-year-old children who had been referred to dental clinics in Kerman, Iran. For this study, the parents of these children completed self-administered questionnaires. Results showed that 218 parents (64.1%) agreed with leaving the practice room during their child’s treatment, while 122 (35.9%) did not agree. The main reason expressed by 41.3% of the parents for leaving the practicing room was that the dentist would be better able to control the child if they were alone. Another reason, cited by 16.5% of the parents, was not wanting to see their child suffering, and 42.2% said they believed that their child would be better treated if they were not present. Most parents who were in agreement with leaving the practice room while their child was receiving dental care felt this would lead to a better treatment outcome

Brain Edema and Neurologic Deficits in Rat Stroke Model: The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Salvia Officinalis

Bachground & Objectives: In the brain ischemia, the production of free radicals increases. Salvia is a rich source of antioxidant compounds; therefore, in this study we will examine the effects of Salvia extracts on brain edema and score of neurological deficits.&nbsp; Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, each containing 7 rats. The control group received distilled water, and the other three groups received intrapertioneally hydroalcoholic extracts of Salvia officinalis with dosages of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg for 3 weeks (1+3=4, Where is the other group? There should be five groups but there are only four groups here.). Thereafter, each main group underwent 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion 2 hours after the last injection of Salvia extracts .This occlusion caused ischemia in the right hemisphere. Then, the brain edema was assessed, and the neurologic deficits were analyzed. The sham group was not treated and no induction of brain ischemia. Brain edema was analyzed through SPSS18 software and LSD method, while the analysis of neurologic deficits was carried out by Mann-Whitney U. Results: Our study results indicate that the hydroalcoholic extracts of Salvia reduced permeability brain edema in three dosages of 50, 75, and 100mg/kg (83/29&plusmn;0/42 , 82/10&plusmn;0/32 and 81/29&plusmn;0/48, respectively) compared with the control group (85/31&plusmn;0/58). They also reduced the neurologic deficits in experimental groups of 75 and 100 mg/kg (1/43&plusmn;0/37 and 1&plusmn;0/31, respectively) compared with the control group (3/71&plusmn;0/42) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Salvia officinalis apparently have a protective effect against stroke damage due to the reduced brain edema and neurological disorders

Predicting the Probability of Phlebotomus papatasi Presence in Khuzestan Province: Combining Hierarchical Analysis Process and Geographic Information System

Background and purpose: Khuzestan Province in Iran is one of the endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania major and Phlebotomus papatasi as the main vector. The aim of this study was to predict the probability of presence of Ph. papatasi in this province using Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Materials and methods: In order to determine the distribution of Ph. papatasi, sand flies were collected in five counties, including Izeh, Mahshahr, Ahvaz, Dasht-e-Azadegan, and Andimeshk by sticky paper traps in spring and summer, 2018. Six criteria, including average annual temperature, average annual rainfall, average annual relative humidity, land use, soil texture, and elevation were selected. Maps of criteria were prepared in ArcGIS 10.5 software. The weights of the criteria and sub-criteria were determined using Expert Choice 11. Then, the final map of the probability of vector presence was prepared by combination of weighted maps and including the weight of the criteria. Results: In this study, 13 species of sand flies of two genera, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia, were collected. The abundance of Ph. papatasi from samples collected in Izeh, Dasht-e-Azadegan, Mahshahr, Andimeshk, and Ahvaz was 55%, 72%, 69.4%, 3%, and 66.5%, respectively. Based on the analysis of matrix tables, average annual temperature (0.406), average annual relative humidity (0.233), and average annual rainfall (0.156) had the highest weight in probability of the vector presence, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides useful information for health authorities in determining the distribution of Ph. papatasi to act properly based on facilities and budget in case of outbreak

The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Trade in Iran An Application of Gravity Model

This paper examines the impact of economic sanctions on bilateral trade between Iran and 30 trading partners over the period of 1970-2006. To accomplish this Purpose, a generalized gravity model is estimated using panel data estimation method in two situations: with and without sanction. The results show that sanctions have a small negative impact on bilateral trade. By imposing sanction on Iran by its trade partners, the bilateral trade reduces 0.089 percentage point. So, the negative effects of economic sanctions on Iran's trade with trading partners is negligible