Processos formativos: o papel da linguagem e leitura na alfabetização e letramento / Formative processes: the role of language and reading in literacy and literacy

Este texto apresenta-se como uma pesquisa científica sobre o papel da leitura enquanto uma linguagem essencial na/para a vida e como o governo e demais autoridades da educação estão atendendo a demanda de formar leitores capazes, ativos, por meio de programas e políticas públicas que favoreçam a formação de professores, contribuindo para a capacitação destes, consequentemente para a diminuição do analfabetismo absoluto e funcional. O intuito de compreender a leitura enquanto uma linguagem, adquiriu novos conceitos e destaque com o passar dos anos. Em um mundo globalizado, em completo movimento e transformação para no qual o homem vive e convive, são necessárias muitas competências e habilidades. A escola enquanto uma instituição formadora, o docente agente principal quanto a responsabilidade de uma educação de qualidade que visa a democracia, necessita inovar sua prática ao fazer uso da leitura bem como de outras linguagens que despertem em seus alunos o interesse, impulsione autonomia, a criticidade, a capacidade de compreender situações problemas bem como de solucioná-los. A formação de professores faz parte do processo ao longo da vida do professor, então destacamos a importância da investidura e trouxemos alguns programas de formação continuada de professores, com ênfase na alfabetização e letramento

Poloxamer-based Binary Hydrogels For Delivering Tramadol Hydrochloride: Sol-gel Transition Studies, Dissolution-release Kinetics, In Vitro Toxicity, And Pharmacological Evaluation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)In this work, poloxamer (PL)-based binary hydrogels, composed of PL 407 and PL 188, were studied with regard to the physicochemical aspects of sol-gel transition and pharmaceutical formulation issues such as dissolution-release profiles. In particular, we evaluated the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and in vivo pharmacological performance of PL 407 and PL 407-PL 188 hydrogels containing tramadol (TR) to analyze its potential treatment of acute pain. Drug-micelle interaction studies showed the formation of PL 407-PL 188 binary systems and the drug partitioning into the micelles. Characterization of the sol-gel transition phase showed an increase on enthalpy variation values that were induced by the presence of TR hydrochloride within the PL 407 or PL 407-PL 188 systems. Hydrogel dissolution occurred rapidly, with approximately 30%-45% of the gel dissolved, reaching similar to 80%-90% up to 24 hours. For in vitro release assays, formulations followed the diffusion Higuchi model and lower K-rel values were observed for PL 407 (20%, K-rel = 112.9 +/- 10.6 mu g . h(-1/2)) and its binary systems PL 407-PL 188 (25%-5% and 25%-10%, K-rel = 80.8 +/- 6.1 and 103.4 +/- 8.3 mu g.h(-1/2), respectively) in relation to TR solution (K-rel = 417.9 +/- 47.5 mu g.h(-1/2), P72 hours) pointed to PL-based hydrogels as a potential treatment, by subcutaneous injection, for acute pain.1023912401Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [2006/00121-9, 2010/11475-1, 2010/13088-5]CNPq [487619/2012-9, 300952/2010-4, 309612/2013-6

La formación de docentes a partir de las experiencias de un curso de superación en el ámbito de la educación integral en tiempos de pandemia

O artigo aborda a questão do protagonismo do professor no contexto da educação integral na formação de professores. O objetivo é oferecer uma contribuição reflexiva sobre a prática profissional nos diferentes níveis de ensino considerando a educação integral. Além disso, é feita uma análise do papel do professor como protagonista da prática num período de crise de saúde causado pela covid-19. A reflexão em ação e a concepção de uma educação integral para a formação dos indivíduos é uma das formas metodológicas de analisar o papel do professor neste período de crise. Por conseguinte, será delineado a estrutura e características da ação de formação, analisando a participação dos profissionais. Foi observado uma participação expressiva por parte desses participantes ao longo da formação oferecida, além do destaque para as iniciativas de ensino bem-sucedidas que foram implementadas e compartilhadas por estes profissionais para enfrentar a crise sanitária.El artículo aborda la cuestión del protagonismo del docente en el contexto de la formación integral en la formación docente. El objetivo es ofrecer un aporte reflexivo sobre la práctica profesional en los diferentes niveles educativos, considerando la formación integral. Además, se hace un análisis del papel del docente como protagonista de la práctica en un período de crisis sanitaria provocada por la covid-19. La reflexión en la acción y la concepción de una educación integral para la formación de los individuos es una de las formas metodológicas de analizar el papel del docente en este período de crisis. Por tanto, se perfilará la estructura y características de la acción formativa, analizando la participación de los profesionales. Se observó una participación significativa de estos participantes a lo largo de la capacitación ofrecida, además de resaltar las exitosas iniciativas docentes que implementaron y compartieron estos profesionales para enfrentar la crisis sanitaria

Desafios da rede de assistência materna no Brasil: revisão da literatura: Challenges of the maternal care network in Brazil: literature review

Estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura, descritivo, exploratório e qualitativo. O período de coleta foi entre julho e agosto do ano de 2022, nas bases de dados: Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos (PUBMED); Web of Science; Cummulative Index to Nursin gand Alied Health Literature (CINAHL); Google acadêmico e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Foram usados os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): Rede; Materna; Desafios. Estes termos foram combinados usando o operador booleano AND. O estudo reuniu 08 artigos sobre o tema, que foram exposto através de um quadro único. À atenção à saúde da mulher e da criança são pautas de bastante relevância da atualidade, gerando debates recorrentes dentre à área da saúde. Muitos são os pontos negativos gerados que inviabilizam a qualidade desses serviços, para que, os direitos das gestantes sejam garantidos e ela tenha um pré-natal de qualidade, é necessário vencer esses pontos

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana da esponja marinha Ectyoplasia ferox de Fernando de Noronha / Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Ectyoplasia ferox marine sponge from Fernando de Noronha

Os oceanos cobrem mais de 70% da superfície terrestre e por isso são reservatórios de inúmeras espécies e estruturas químicas que podem ser potencialmente bioativas. Nos últimos anos o ambiente marinho recebeu maior atenção das indústrias farmacêuticas e biotecnológicas devido à diversidade de novas substâncias que podem ser descobertas. Estudos já demostraram que esponjas marinhas possuem algum tipo de defesa contra infecções microbianas em seu habitat. Nesse sentido esses organismos são uma fonte promissora de substâncias com potencial antibiótico que devem ser investigadas como alternativas terapêuticas para a problemática da resistência aos fármacos atuais.  Nesse trabalho avaliamos a atividade antimicrobiana de amostras da esponja Ectyoplasia ferox coletadas em diferentes locais do arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (PE/Brasil). O ensaio antimicrobiano dos seis extratos brutos obtidos foi realizado através do método de micro diluição em caldo para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) contra Staphylococcus aureus HU25, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, e Escherichia coli ATCC 11775. Dois extratos demonstraram atividade moderada: FN98-009 coletada na região da Ressureta (S. aureus: CIM = 64 µg/mL; S. epidermidis: CIM = 128 µg/mL) e FN98-063 coletada na região de Pedras Secas (S. epidermidis: CIM = 128 µg/mL). A partição por gradiente de polaridade da amostra com menor CIM (FN98-009) forneceu uma fração butanólica com atividade menor que seu extrato bruto, levando à hipótese de sinergismo entre as substâncias das diferentes frações. Como estratégia para investigar o possível efeito sinérgico e restaurar a atividade, as quatro frações foram combinadas duas a duas, originando seis amostras. Nenhuma das combinações demonstrou atividade até 512 µg/mL. Dessa forma, acredita-se que a atividade observada no extrato bruto esteja relacionada ao conjunto da maioria de seus constituintes em um efeito sinérgico e que um fracionamento biomonitorado do extrato não permitirá identificar as substâncias mais ativas, mas o potencial do extrato deve ser considerado para maiores estudos

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97\ub71 (95% UI 95\ub78-98\ub71) in Iceland, followed by 96\ub76 (94\ub79-97\ub79) in Norway and 96\ub71 (94\ub75-97\ub73) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18\ub76 (13\ub71-24\ub74) in the Central African Republic, 19\ub70 (14\ub73-23\ub77) in Somalia, and 23\ub74 (20\ub72-26\ub78) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91\ub75 (89\ub71-93\ub76) in Beijing to 48\ub70 (43\ub74-53\ub72) in Tibet (a 43\ub75-point difference), while India saw a 30\ub78-point disparity, from 64\ub78 (59\ub76-68\ub78) in Goa to 34\ub70 (30\ub73-38\ub71) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4\ub78-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20\ub79-point to 17\ub70-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17\ub72-point to 20\ub74-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations