Effects of Farm and Non-Farm Income on Income-Inequality among Rural Households in Osun –State, Nigeria

Rural households in sub-Sahara African drive their income from a variety of sources with farm and non-farm activities accounting for a substantial share of total income. Despite the importance of non-farm activities for rural farm households, little is still known about the impact of such activities on the distribution of income and poverty in Nigeria. This study access the effect of farm and non-farm income on Income- inequality among rural household. The study was carried out in osun state, Nigeria. The study was based on primary data obtained through the use of three hundred and fifty-four structure questionnaire using a multi-stage (three stage) sampling procedure. Both descriptive statistics, gini inequality decomposition by type of income and tobit model analysis were used to analyzed the data obtain.The result obtained from the study shows that majority (64.12%) of all households’ derived income from farming which also accounted for 62.6% of the total income. The remaining 37.4% of total Income are derived from different sources from non-farm income. These are non-farm wage and self-employment, each respectively constituting 18.5% and 18.9%.Result of determinants of household income revealed that the major determinants of self-employment income were the age of the household head, their sex, years of farming experience and their household size. For non-farm wage employment income, their major determinant were the sex of the household need, household educational level, farming experience, access to credit and land ownership. For determinants of farm income, only farming experience and land ownership were the significant determinants of the income.Result of gini decomposition by type of income method reveal that farm income as a whole account for 85.31% while non-farm account for only 14.6% of total inequality. The relative concentration coefficient of 1.51 also confirm that farm income is inequality increasing where as non-farm income with value of 0.42 in inequality decreasing in the study area.Conclusively, non-farm income will help in absolving farm income stock and improve income distribution among household in rural areas. Keywords: effect, farm income, non-farm income, income inequality, rural household

Determinants of Participation in Non-Farm Activities among Rural Households in Osun State- An Application of Multinomial Logit (Mnl) Model

Recently, there is a growing recognition that rural households receive their income from a diverse portfolio of activities and that one of the most important of these activities is the rural non-farm sector. The study was carried out in Osun – State, Nigeria. The study is based on primary data obtained through the use of 354 structured questionnaire administered to selected rural household head in the area, adopting a multistage sampling procedure. The model of analysis was a multinomial logit model.The result of the analysis shows that the log-likelihood value of the model is -165.9833, the likelihood ratio (Χ2 ) value of 441.9926 which is greater than critical chi-square at 1% level of significance and this confirm that all the slope coefficient are significant different from zero, that is the explanatory variables  are collectively significant in explaining determinants of non-farm participation, an indicative of goodness of fit for the estimated model. Individual variables like Age of the household head, its square, Gender, and farming experience are found to be significant for non-farm self-employment. While only education and Gender coefficient were found to be significant for non-farm wage employment. Household variables like household landholding is one of the most important household level determinants of non-farm  self-employment in the study area, membership of cooperative and the value of asset were also significant in determine non-farm self- employment. For non-farm wage employment, the major determinant were household size, access to credit, total farm size and membership of cooperative. Among the community variables, distance to the nearest market and index of access to communication facilities were determinant of non-farm self-employment in the study area. For non-farm wage employment, only land productivity index has a strong negative effect on its participation.The study therefore recommended provision of social amenities like good road, potable water, electricity, availability of modern market facilities in rural areas by government and private developers will go a long way in promoting non-farm activities in rural area. Community development association and non-governmental organization (NGOs) can also help in this issue. Keywords: Determinants, Participation, Non-farm activities, Rural-household

Knowledge and Perceptions of Marital Rape among Women in Oyo State, Nigeria

Marital rape is a serious public health problem affecting many women worldwide. In Nigeria, there is dearth of evidence-based information on issues relating to knowledge and perceptions of marital rape among women. This study was therefore designed to assess the knowledge and perceptions about marital rape among married women in Oyo State, Nigeria. The cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1200 women aged 18-60 years who were ever-married. Participants were recruited using a multi-stage random sampling technique. A validated semi-structured questionnaire which contained a-8 point knowledge of health consequences of marital rape and a-20 point marital rape perception scales was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. Respondents’ mean age was 36.6 ± 9.6 years, while their husbands’ mean age was 42.1 ± 10.3 years. Mean knowledge score was 3.9±2.2 and 23.4% had poor knowledge of marital rape. Respondents who had poor knowledge who were aged ≤24 years, 25–49 years and ≥50 years were 31.6%, 25.3% and 9.6%, respectively (P≤0.05). Mean perception score was 8.9 ± 3.6, and 69.8% had supportive perceptions relating to marital rape. A higher proportion of respondents with marriage duration of >20 years (84.6%) had marital rape supportive perception compared with those with marriage duration of 0-10 years (64.9%) (P≤0.05). Knowledge of marital rape remains inadequate, especially among younger women. Furthermore, many women had supportive perceptions for marital rape, a situation which can adversely hinder adopting appropriate preventive behaviours. Multiple community-based health educational interventions have potentials for addressing the phenomenon

DETERMINANTS OF EFFICIENCY AMONG ADOPTERS AND NON-ADOPTERS OF IMPROVED CASSAVA VARIETIES IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.

Cassava forms an important component of Nigerian communities. Its cultivation however is still done using crude techniques and simple tools such as cutlasses and hoes. This paper investigates the determinants of efficiency among adopters (172 households) and non-adopters (44 households) of improved cassava varieties in Ogun State Nigeria. Primary data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires from 216 cassava farm households obtained in a multi-stage sampling procedure from four Local Government Areas. Stochastic frontier production function using maximum likelihood estimation MLE was used to analyse the technical efficiency. The results revealed that 57.40 percent of the farmers were within the age range of 31-50 years, 58.30% had farm size ranging from 1-2.49 hectares while 79.62 percent were adopters of improved cassava varieties. Farm size, fertiliser, and herbicides were the major inputs that are associated with the variation in cassava output for both adopters and non-adopters. The significant socio economic variables that accounted for the observed variations in technical efficiency among farm households were age, education, farming experience, extension contact, sex and marital status. Similar result was obtained for high and low adopters of improved cassava varieties. An assessment of the technical efficiency shows that a differential of 19 percent (89-70) exist between adopters and non-adopters and a differential of 12 percent (82 -70) between high and low adopters of improved cassava varieties while the elasticities is less than one signifying that the farm households are operating at a point of decreasing return to scale which is the rational stage at which production should normally take place. However, both adopters and non-adopters operate below the economic optimum point indicating that there is some inefficiency in the allocation of inputs. It is therefore recommended that government should strengthen the adult education programme and improve the extension services delivery system while farm input such as herbicides and fertilisers should be made available at subsidised rate in the area

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4 (62.3 (55.1�70.8) million) to 6.4 (58.3 (47.6�70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization�s Global Nutrition Target of <5 in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2 (30 (22.8�38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0 (55.5 (44.8�67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s)

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

Willingness To Pay For Organic Vegetables In Abeokuta, South West Nigeria

Recent developments of widely reported incidents of dangerous levels of pesticides in food, fertilizer contamination of ground water and the occurrence of livestock diseases attributable to the production methods of large scale agriculture has stimulated the demand for organic food. Food safety is also gaining prominence in developing countries. This study was carried out to determine consumer awareness of organic vegetables and the determinants of willingness to pay a premium for the vegetables in south west Nigeria. The choice of the study area was premised on the fact that it is the most exposed to the organic agriculture movement in Nigeria. Primary data was collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. One hundred and fifty-two (152) copies of the questionnaire were found suitable for analysis. Most of the respondents were literate (100%) married (90.8%) men (65.8%), between 30 and 59 years old. The result shows that majority (88.8%) of the respondents indicated that they had a prior knowledge of, had seen (72.4%) and had eaten (61.8%) organic vegetables before. The respondents&apos; willingness to pay a premium for organic vegetables and the factors affecting this decision were investigated using a dichotomous response model (logit). In the model, willingness to pay was specified as 1 if willing and 0 otherwise. The results of the restricted model shows that the ethnic background of the respondents and the perception that organic vegetables are not harmful influences their willingness to pay a premium price for organic vegetables. Respondents&apos; age, work experience and household size significantly explains the perception that organic vegetables are healthier than conventional, Similarly, age, ethnicity, work experience, religion and household size equally explains respondents&apos; impression that organic vegetables are costlier while the variable tastier was significantly explained by age and household income. There are strong indications of a ready market in Abeokuta, South west Nigeria in the event of extensive cultivation of organic vegetables