Food Waste to Biogas: A Performance Evaluation

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is implementing the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) in all the States and UTs of the country. About 47.5 Lakh biogas plants have already been installed in the country upto 31st March, 2014. During the year 2014-15, a target of setting up 1, 10,000biogas plants has been set. In India, approximately 5 million small scale biogas plants are currently in operation. The Biogas plant is the best option for households having feed material, to become self- dependent for cooking gas and highly organic enriched bio-manure. It provides the solution to protect the households from the problems of indoor air pollution and while saving on cost of refilling of LPG cylinders.Bio gas -a source from the waste is an excellent form of renewable energy. The waste fromfood, plant and animal is effectively processed & evolved in the form of energy which is a green &clean. By implementing Bio gas plants, greater benefits to the society and mankind is achieved. Spectrum of benefits could be achieved in Bio Gas plant such as reduced GHG emissions, reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels, reduced carbon foot print, waste reduction, utilisation of waste to good, job creation, low water inputs, flexible and efficient use of bio-gas,benefits to farmers such as additional income to the farmers involved, use of digestate as excellent fertilizer and a Closed nutrient cycle.Biogas implementation using kitchen waste allows it to safe disposal of the waste & also reduces Landfills. The concept of our plant is based on Digestion, which is a biological process that occurs in the presence of anaerobic organisms at ambient pressures and temperature 35 � 70�C.Anaerobic Digestion is a microbial process for the production of biogas which consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Bio gas is a clean & slow burning gas which has a calorific value of 5000- 5500kcal/kg (20935- 23028 kJ/kg)& the process involves the following steps: Pulverising the waste, Hydrolysis, Moisture removal, Pre Digestion, Main Digestion & Production of Methane Bio Gas. Biogas thus produced, is being utilised as a cooking fuel in Ladies hostel at GRI. (Foran approximate strength of 1000 Nos and for one partial meal per day). The Digestate, thus produced as slurry is collected and used as manure for plants in campus. GRI is glad to submit this paper as a real time project, which is based on sustainable development& could open avenues to rural economy and effective use of waste management � a mantra for all developing & developed countries

Effect of Aging and Thermocycling on Flexural Strength of Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) as a Provisional Restoration for Full Mouth Rehabilitation: An Invitro Comparative Study

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The present in-vitro study was conducted to compare and evaluate the flexural strength of Autopolymerizing PMMA resin, CAD/CAM milled PMMA and CAD/CAM milled PEEK after being subjected to aging and thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty identical samples measuring 25mm * 2mm * 2mm , according to ADA/ANSI specification no. 27 were fabricated using Auto polymerizing PMMA resin – GROUP I ; CAD /CAM milled PMMA – GROUP II and PEEK – GROUP III ( 20 samples in each group). The Group I (A), Group II (A) and Group III (A) test samples (10 samples in each group) were subjected to 7 days of aging/conditioning and 500 cycles of thermocycling and Group I (B), Group II (B) and Group III (B) test samples (10 samples in each group) were subjected to 14 days of aging/conditioning and 1000 cycles of thermocycling. Aging/ conditioning was done in incubator and thermocycling was done in Thermocycling unit. The flexural strength was evaluated using Universal testing machine. The data’s were analyzed with Student t test and pair–wise comparison of mean values was done by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test. Statistical significance was considered at 5% significance level. RESULTS: The Flexural strength of PEEK was higher than the Autopolymerizing PMMA resin and CAD/CAM milled PMMA. The Flexural strength of PEEK subjected to 7 days of aging/conditioning and 500 cycles of thermocycling (Group III (A)) (6628.70 Mpa) was the highest followed by the flexural strength of PEEK subjected to 14 days of aging and 1000 cycles of thermocycling (Group III (B)) (3760.50 Mpa). CONCLUSION: The mean flexural strength of PEEK was highly significant than the Autopolymerizing PMMA resin and CAD/ CAM milled PMMA. But, the mean flexural strength of PEEK reduced approximately by 44% while increasing the days of aging and number of thermocycling

Design and Development of Sports Intimate Apparel - A Review

It is necessary to evaluate and analyze the brassiere design problems to alleviate theproblems in terms of fit, support, elastics and fastening. With an aim to achieve a perfectbrassiere, designers have a strong drive to develop a super quality brassiere with highperformance and proper usage of components and materials. The encapsulation brassiere wasmore effective than compression brassiere in controlling breast displacement. The mainproblems were shoulder straps digging into the shoulder and shoulder straps slipping off theshoulder. There are several design flaws associated with these sports brassiere which lead todiscomfort, pain and swelling of the breasts. Tightness around the chest may also cause beastsoreness. The straps are often very thin and cut into the shoulders of women. The mosteffective brassiere had a unique inverted-u shape bounded seam over the upper and sideboundaries of the cups with a wide cross-back design. Wicking materials are used in this typeof brassieres to give comfort and breast supporting pads having pad components to giveadequate support. The inner layer consists of silicone material which can increase theadherence capacity due to its high coefficient of friction. This review paper contains detailsabout the design and development of sports brassiere

A Novel Step for the Enhancement of Security in ARIPORTS Using Optical Ideology

The security systems in airports are very important and the detection of entry of unauthorized person must be in high rate so as to have an improved efficient system. The real time systems in airports are implemented based on CCTV cameras. These CCTV cameras are used to record the events for future references. The high rapidity of correlation must be performed for the improvement of security in airports. Firstly, 4f system is introduced into the real time security system of the airport. The introduction of this optical system improves system performance and high speed of correlation. This optical system is designed in the simulation environment of MATLAB. The CCTV images and database images are compared together in MATLAB for various conditions. These conditions help to define the performance of the projected system and to have a better evaluation of the projected architecture. The projected system can outperform conventional correlator based systems with elevated speed of correlation. The projected system enabled by dynamic Fourier plane correlator system was found to have high speed performance

Sea Water Channel for Underwater Communication

A potential underwater communication technology is water communication. Because of the limited physical scale, testing underwater data transmission in the laboratory differs from testing in a real-world water environment. Albeit fake dispersing specialists have been utilized to reproduce submerged correspondence through water channels under various correspondence climate conditions after the last many years, the comparability between test water and regular water isn’t dependable, for instance, the likeness of recurrence area qualities. It examines a number of distinct substances that precisely alter the water’s coefficients. As a reliability criterion for water recreation, the frequency range of data transmission through the test water’s water channel is then measured and compared. The findings demonstrate that the nature of the substances and the size of the particles have a significant impact on the properties of this water, and that the concentration of substances has an effect on the frequency domain portion of the water communication signal. If the water between the gaps contains a separate tx and rx module. Modules enable us to inform the onboard monitoring manager of marine scientist interactions and biomedical conditions

3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects. However, significant limitations affect current treatment options and clinical demand for bone grafts continues to rise due to conditions such as trauma, cancer, infection and arthritis. Developing bioactive three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to support bone regeneration has therefore become a key area of focus within bone tissue engineering (BTE). A variety of materials and manufacturing methods including 3D printing have been used to create novel alternatives to traditional bone grafts. However, individual groups of materials including polymers, ceramics and hydrogels have been unable to fully replicate the properties of bone when used alone. Favourable material properties can be combined and bioactivity improved when groups of materials are used together in composite 3D scaffolds. This review will therefore consider the ideal properties of bioactive composite 3D scaffolds and examine recent use of polymers, hydrogels, metals, ceramics and bio-glasses in BTE. Scaffold fabrication methodology, mechanical performance, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and potential clinical translations will be discussed

Single-pass four-throw pupilloplasty for angle-closure glaucoma

Angle-closure glaucoma is characterized by appositional or synechial closure of the anterior chamber angle with glaucomatous field defects that may or may not be associated with a pupillary block. Surgical pupilloplasty with single-pass four-throw technique helps to alleviate the appositional closure along with the breakage of peripheral anterior synechia, thereby increasing the aqueous outflow and decreasing intraocular pressure

Predescemetocele: A distinct clinical entity

The case report incorporates a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination for demonstration of the existence of pre-Descemet's layer (PDL; Dua's layer) overlying a descemetocele and demonstrates predescemetocele as a separate clinical entity. The prospective analysis was done in two cases that had descemetocele, and OCT demonstrated the presence of PDL over an unruptured descemetocele that offers resilience and can be treated with an elective deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty or a penetrating keratoplasty. A descemetocele, when covered with PDL, should be correctly designated as a predescemetocele. Loss of PDL leads to baring of Descemet's membrane that eventually ruptures