The Role of Sympathetic Skin Response in Assessing Autonomic Function in Normal Adults

Background: Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) is a simple, non-invasive and reproducible test to assess the impairment of the sympathetic fibers of the peripheral nerves. It measures the change in electrical skin potential to a variety of stimuli. The objective of this study was to assess SSR in a sample of normal healthy adults. Method: 25 normal healthy adults who volunteered to participate were assessed for SSR in their foot and hand. SSR was assessed using Neurowerk EMG/NCV equipment capable of assessing SSR. Electrical current was used on the median nerve at the wrist to elicit SSR. Results: SSR was elicited in all 25 participants. The mean SSR latency and SSR Amplitude for the hand were 1.2 (+/- 0.42) secs and 2503 (+/- 1424) micro Volt respectively. The mean SSR Latency and SSR Amplitude for the foot were 1.8 (+/- 0.44) secs and 1749 (+/- 1252) micro Volts respectively. It was observed that there was no significant difference in the SSR values when compared between male and female participants, so gender had no effect on SSR values. There was no association of SSR values with the BMI of the participants. Characteristics of the SSR curves were discussed. Conclusion: Mean values of SSR latency measured at hand and foot are 1.2 (+/- 0.42) secs and 1.8 (+/- 0.44) secs respectively. Mean values of SSR amplitude measured at hand and foot are 2503 (+/- 1424) micro Volts and 1749 (+/- 1252) micro Volts respectively. Gender had no effect on SSR values in this study. Keywords: Sympathetic Skin Response, Autonomic Function, Healthy Adults, Electrical Curren

INFLUENCE OF DISTRACTIONS ON AUDIO AND VISUAL REACTION TIME IN YOUNG HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL OF 19-26 YEARS

Background: Reaction Time is a measure of function of sensori-motor co-ordination and it is one of the valid and reliable tools for assessing cognitive functions. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of distractions on auditory and visual reaction time. Methodology: Testing was performed using a reaction time programmer developed with the help of JavaScript. 50 healthy participants (47 girls and 3 boys) aged between 19-26 years were exposed to different distractions (conversation, slow music, fast music and texting) in both ART and VRT tests. Results and Conclusion: Both auditory and visual reaction time with each distraction was found longer than normal. Auditory reaction time was maximally affected by conversation (f-value 8.27 and p-value). Key words: Auditory reaction time; Visual reaction time; Distractions; Sensori-motor co-ordination

CORRELATION OF ACSM\u27S WALKING EQUATION AND DIRECTLY MEASURED VO2MAX IN INDIAN POPULATION: A PILOT STUDY

Purpose of study: American College of Sports and Medicine equation is applied in many cardiovascular centers and sports medicine laboratory. It is used in majority of the commercial software available for exercise testing ACSM has published several metabolic equations for the indirect estimation of VO2max. So the purpose of the study was to find the applicability of ACSM walking equation in Indian population. Aim and Objective: To find out the correlation between actual VO2max and predicted VO2max 18-25 years female in Nagpur. Methodology: All the participants were selected according to sample of convenience and given a thorough explanation of the procedure in the language they understand. Each participant signed written informed consent before participating in the study in the language they could comprehend. Subjects were screened on the basis of selection criteria and PAR-q & you questionnaire. Total 20 participants were selected and demographic and anthropometric data was recorded. In this VO2 max was calculated directly by gas analyzer using AD instrument and indirectly by ACSM\u27s walking equation and data was analyzed. Result: The mean and standard deviation of directly measured VO2max (ml/kg/min) is 8.6354 and ±4.5557 this shows the range of VO2max for the studied population and VO2max predicted by ACSM walking equation is 38.1891 and ±5.4691. The pearson\u27s correlation for direct and indirect measurement of VO2max suggested that there is no co-relations with the value (r=0.11, p=, 0.05). Conclusion: The present study concluded that there is no correlation between actual and predicted VO2 max in the studied population and need to develop new regression equation for studied population i.e;ACSM equation is not applicable to the studied population. KEY WORDS: American College of Sports and Medicine walking equation; VO2 max; Indian population

CORRELATION OF ACSM'S WALKING EQUATION AND DIRECTLY MEASURED VO2MAX IN INDIAN POPULATION: A PILOT STUDY

Purpose of study: American College of Sports and Medicine equation is applied in many cardiovascular centers and sports medicine laboratory. It is used in majority of the commercial software available for exercise testing ACSM has published several metabolic equations for the indirect estimation of VO2max. So the purpose of the study was to find the applicability of ACSM walking equation in Indian population. Aim and Objective: To find out the correlation between actual VO2max and predicted VO2max 18-25 years female in Nagpur. Methodology: All the participants were selected according to sample of convenience and given a thorough explanation of the procedure in the language they understand. Each participant signed written informed consent before participating in the study in the language they could comprehend. Subjects were screened on the basis of selection criteria and PAR-q & you questionnaire. Total 20 participants were selected and demographic and anthropometric data was recorded. In this VO2 max was calculated directly by gas analyzer using AD instrument and indirectly by ACSM's walking equation and data was analyzed. Result: The mean and standard deviation of directly measured VO2max (ml/kg/min) is 8.6354 and ±4.5557 this shows the range of VO2max for the studied population and VO2max predicted by ACSM walking equation is 38.1891 and ±5.4691. The pearson's correlation for direct and indirect measurement of VO2max suggested that there is no co-relations with the value (r=0.11, p=, 0.05). Conclusion: The present study concluded that there is no correlation between actual and predicted VO2 max in the studied population and need to develop new regression equation for studied population i.e;ACSM equation is not applicable to the studied population. KEY WORDS: American College of Sports and Medicine walking equation; VO2 max; Indian population

Study of inspiratory lung function parameters in Indian children

Background: The inspiratory parameters of pulmonary function test commonly used for various purposes in clinical practice including diagnosing airway obstruction. Expiratory portion of the flow volume loop of the pulmonary function test is studied in detail. The prediction equations for expiratory parameters are available for different population. However, the reference equation for inspiratory parameters is not available in Indian context. The current study derived the prediction equation for inspiratory parameters of pulmonary function test.Methods: The current study was carried out in school going 732 healthy girls and 1377 boys aged 6-15 years in India.  The children who meet the inclusion criteria were recruited in the study after detailed medical examination by registered medical practitioner. The lung function parameters were recorded by spirometry. The multivariate regression analysis was done to develop the prediction model.Results: The prediction equation for predicting inspiratory parameter were developed. This study revealed gender-wise and geographical variation in the inspiratory parameters. Hence this study recommends to derive gender wise prediction equations. The reference equations derived in this study can be used in population with similar background.Conclusions: Use of these equations for population having similar backgrounds will help for early and accurate diagnosis of the airway abnormalities in children. The inspiratory parameter assessment shall be included in the routine assessment of respiratory patient

INFLUENCE OF DISTRACTIONS ON AUDIO AND VISUAL REACTION TIME IN YOUNG HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL OF 19-26 YEARS

Background: Reaction Time is a measure of function of sensori-motor co-ordination and it is one of the valid and reliable tools for assessing cognitive functions. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of distractions on auditory and visual reaction time. Methodology: Testing was performed using a reaction time programmer developed with the help of JavaScript. 50 healthy participants (47 girls and 3 boys) aged between 19-26 years were exposed to different distractions (conversation, slow music, fast music and texting) in both ART and VRT tests. Results and Conclusion: Both auditory and visual reaction time with each distraction was found longer than normal. Auditory reaction time was maximally affected by conversation (f-value 8.27 and p-value). Key words: Auditory reaction time; Visual reaction time; Distractions; Sensori-motor co-ordination

Correlation of ACSM's walking equation and directly measured Vo2 max in Indian population: A pilot study

Purpose of study: American College of Sports and Medicine equation is applied in many cardiovascular centers and sports medicine laboratory. It is used in majority of the commercial software available for exercise testing ACSM has published several metabolic equations for the indirect estimation of VO2max. So the purpose of the study was to find the applicability of ACSM walking equation in Indian population. Aim and Objective: To find out the correlation between actual VO2max and predicted VO2max 18-25 years female in Nagpur. Methodology: All the participants were selected according to sample of convenience and given a thorough explanation of the procedure in the language they understand. Each participant signed written informed consent before participating in the study in the language they could comprehend. Subjects were screened on the basis of selection criteria and PAR-q & you questionnaire. Total 20 participants were selected and demographic and anthropometric data was recorded. In this VO2 max was calculated directly by gas analyzer using AD instrument and indirectly by ACSM's walking equation and data was analyzed. Result: The mean and standard deviation of directly measured VO2max (ml/kg/min) is 8.6354 and ±4.5557 this shows the range of VO2max for the studied population and VO2max predicted by ACSM walking equation is 38.1891 and ±5.4691. The pearson's correlation for direct and indirect measurement of VO2max suggested that there is no co-relations with the value (r=0.11, p=, 0.05). Conclusion: The present study concluded that there is no correlation between actual and predicted VO2 max in the studied population and need to develop new regression equation for studied population i.e;ACSM equation is not applicable to the studied population. KEY WORDS: American College of Sports and Medicine walking equation; VO2 max; Indian population

Plasma proteome database as a resource for proteomics research

Plasma is one of the best studied compartments in the human body and serves as an ideal body fluid for the diagnosis of diseases. This report provides a detailed functional annotation of all the plasma proteins identified to date. In all, gene products encoded by 3778 distinct genes were annotated based on proteins previously published in the literature as plasma proteins and the identification of multiple peptides from proteins under HUPO's Plasma Proteome Project. Our analysis revealed that 51% of these genes encoded more than one protein isoform. All single nucleotide polymorphisms involving protein-coding regions were mapped onto the protein sequences. We found a number of examples of isoform-specific subcellular localization as well as tissue expression. This database is an attempt at comprehensive annotation of a complex subproteome and is available on the web at http://www.plasmaproteomedatabase.org

Advances and challenges of liposome assisted drug delivery

The application of liposomes to assist drug delivery has already had a major impact on many biomedical areas. They have been shown to be beneficial for stabilizing therapeutic compounds, overcoming obstacles to cellular and tissue uptake, and improving biodistribution of compounds to target sites in vivo. This enables effective delivery of encapsulated compounds to target sites while minimizing systemic toxicity. Liposomes present as an attractive delivery system due to their flexible physicochemical and biophysical properties, which allow easy manipulation to address different delivery considerations. Despite considerable research in the last 50 years and the plethora of positive results in preclinical studies, the clinical translation of liposome assisted drug delivery platforms has progressed incrementally. In this review, we will discuss the advances in liposome assisted drug delivery, biological challenges that still remain, and current clinical and experimental use of liposomes for biomedical applications. The translational obstacles of liposomal technology will also be presented