Teaching Children According to Learning Preference

Several learning preferences describe students learning preferences. Learning sequence influences teaching order. Contemporary lecture-based, small group based, and activity-based methods for teaching are evaluated for which learning preferences are most compatible with each teaching method. Products can aid the teacher and student in their respective roles during the lesson. Other resources can instruct the people who lead the lesson in the classroom

The speaking vocabulary of grade two

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

Reasons to Be Skeptical about Sentience and Pain in Fishes and Aquatic Invertebrates

The welfare of fishes and aquatic invertebrates is important, and several jurisdictions have included these taxa under welfare regulation in recent years. Regulation of welfare requires use of scientifically validated welfare criteria. This is why applying Mertonian skepticism toward claims for sentience and pain in fishes and aquatic invertebrates is scientifically sound and prudent, particularly when those claims are used to justify legislation regulating the welfare of these taxa. Enacting welfare legislation for these taxa without strong scientific evidence is a societal and political choice that risks creating scientific and interpretational problems as well as major policy challenges, including the potential to generate significant unintended consequences. In contrast, a more rigorous science-based approach to the welfare of aquatic organisms that is based on verified, validated and measurable endpoints is more likely to result in “win-win” scenarios that minimize the risk of unintended negative impacts for all stakeholders, including fish and aquatic invertebrates. The authors identify as supporters of animal welfare, and emphasize that this issue is not about choosing between welfare and no welfare for fish and aquatic invertebrates, but rather to ensure that important decisions about their welfare are based on scientifically robust evidence. These ten reasons are delivered in the spirit of organized skepticism to orient legislators, decision makers and the scientific community, and alert them to the need to maintain a high scientific evidential bar for any operational welfare indicators used for aquatic animals, particularly those mandated by legislation. Moving forward, maintaining the highest scientific standards is vitally important, in order to protect not only aquatic animal welfare, but also global food security and the welfare of humans

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Drug therapy and prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the Massachusetts male aging study cohort

Study Objective. To examine the association of commonly used drugs with erectile dysfunction (ED) at two time points. Design. Population-based, cross-sectional, survey analysis. Participants. Randomly selected cohort of men in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) that included 1476 men for the baseline (1987-1989) and 922 for the follow-up (1995-1997) analyses. Intervention. Crude associations between specific drug categories were examined with X2 statistics. Logistic regression analysis was used to separate the effect of drugs from the influence of heart disease, hypertension, untreated diabetes, or depressive symptoms. Measurements and Main Results. In the MMAS, medical history, current drug use, and erectile function status were ascertained with in-home interviews. In unadjusted analyses, thiazide and nonthiazide diuretics, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, benzodiazepines, digitalis, nitrates, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, and histamine2 receptor antagonists were associated with prevalent ED. Adjustment for comorbidities and health behaviors attenuated these associations, with only nonthiazide diuretics and benzodiazepines remaining statistically significant. Conclusion. Several common drugs may increase prevalence of ED; however, additional data from larger populations are needed to determine whether these associations are independent of underlying health conditions and to explore the effects of dosage and duration of use

Is cigarette smoking an effect modifier of the relation between antihypertensive therapy and blood lipids?

We examined the relation between current use of antihypertensive medications and lipid levels in relation to smoking status. We used data from cross-sectional random sample surveys conducted between 1981 and 1993 in two southeastern New England communities. The analysis included 3,027 normotensive, 1,416 untreated hypertensive, and 1,174 treated hypertensive survey respondents between 40 and 64 years of age. After adjustment for body mass index, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use, use of medications with adverse lipid effects, age, and sex, the estimated mean high-density-lipoprotein- cholesterol level among hypertensives using beta-blockers [44.6 mg per dl; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 43.l-46.1] was lower than that for either untreated hypertensives (48.5 mg per dl; 95% CI = 47.8-49.2) or normotensives (47.1 mg per dl; 95% CI = 46.6-47.6). This pattern was similar among smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers treated with beta-blockers, however, had particularly low levels of high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (43.4 mg per dl; 95% CI = 40.7-46.l), compared with non-smokers using beta-blockers (45.8 mg per dl; 95% CI = 44.247.3). Low levels of high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol may increase the risk of coronary heart disease among smokers using beta- blockers

Cardiovascular risk profiles of oral contraceptive users and nonusers: A population-based study

Background. The purpose of this population-based study was to evaluate whether women taking oral contraceptive products (OCPs) have more favorable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles than women not taking OCPs. Methods. Data including sociodemographic variables and CVD risk factors from 5,239 women of reproductive age were gathered in six cross-sectional household surveys. Differences in CVD risk factor profiles between OCP users and nonusers were compared using logistic regression. Younger users and older users were compared with nonusers of the same age groups. Results. Women using OCPs (n = 807) were younger and had higher socioeconomic status than nonusers (n = 4,432). More users than nonusers were current smokers (43.1% vs 36.6%, P = 0.0011), had a total serum cholesterol level ≥ 240 mg/dl (12.7% vs 6.0%, P = 0.0001), and tended to rate themselves to be at low risk for CVD (48.3% vs 45.5%, P = 0.17). Fewer OCP users than nonusers had an HDL cholesterol level ≤ 35 mg/dl (4.0% vs 6.9%, P = 0.0039). Conclusions. Although they tended to perceive themselves to be at low risk, women taking OCPs in this study had worse CVD risk profiles than women not reporting hormonal contraception and are candidates for cardiovascular risk reduction strategies. © 1995 Academic Press. All rights reserved

Correlates of postmenopausal estrogen use and trends through the 1980s in two Southeastern New England communities

Correlates and prevalence of current postmenopausal estrogen use were examined in two southeastern New England communities for the period 1981 through 1990. Data were obtained from five biennial cross-sectional household health surveys, with current use of postmenopausal estrogen determined by inspection of medication bottles. Analysis included 3,279 women aged 40-64 years, of whom 2,215 (67.6%) were postmenopausal. The prevalence of estrogen use among all postmenopausal women increased from 5.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-7.4) in 1981-1982 to 10.9% (95% CI 7.5-14.4) in 1989-1990. Among women with surgical menopause, prevalence increased from 11.4% (95% CI 6.6-16.2) to 20.3% (95% CI 13.6-27.0), while use among women with natural menopause increased from 1.5% (95% CI 0.04-2.9) to 3.5% (95% CI 0.74-6.2). Logistic regression was used to compute age-adjusted prevalence of estrogen use according to demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors. Postmenopausal estrogen use was positively associated with income, and a positive trend with education was suggested. Estrogen use was positively associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol and was inversely associated with body mass index. Nonsmokers, women who exercised at least once per week, and women who reported having their cholesterol checked in the past year were more likely to use estrogen. These findings suggest that estrogen users have a more healthy profile than do nonusers. In addition, the prevalence of postmenopausal estrogen use appears to be substantially lower in women with natural versus surgical menopause throughout the period studied. © 1993 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health

Two measures of preference during forced-choice assessments.

A forced-choice preference assessment was conducted in which two dependent measures were used to select preferred stimuli: (a) approach responding and (b) latency to the first aberrant response. Stimuli identified as preferred based on both dependent measures were then evaluated during treatment. The results suggested that latency may be a useful measure in the selection of preferred stimuli during forced-choice assessments