Thermal performance of green envelopes in buildings in the Brazilian southeast

The evaluation of the thermal performance of buildings using green roofs, living walls or green walls as envelope protection elements is a very important tool for architects and engineers to minimize heat gain, provide better thermal condition and improve thermal performance. This paper presents three different studies of thermal performance of buildings with green cover: 1) a case study of a green roof, 2) an experimental study of a living wall, and 3) a case study of a green wall; all of which include comparative and concurrent measurements between exposed surfaces and surfaces protected by vegetation. The parameters measured were air temperature, relative humidity, air speed and mean radiant temperature, as well as the inner and outer temperature of the walls. Those analyses led to the conclusion that the use of vegetation as a protection element on roofs and façades acts positively on the heat flows in the envelope, representing an important tool for passive thermal control of high temperatures inside the buildings.A avaliação do desempenho térmico de edificações que utilizam coberturas verdes, paredes vivas ou paredes verdes como elemento de proteção da envoltória é um campo de grande importância para os profissionais de arquitetura e engenharia, por minimizar o ganho de calor, proporcionar melhor condição térmica e aprimorar seu desempenho. Este trabalho apresenta três diferentes estudos de desempenho térmico com revestimentos vegetais: 1) um estudo de caso com cobertura verde, 2) um estudo experimental com parede viva, e 3) um estudo de caso com parede verde, todos com medições comparativas e simultâneas entre superfícies expostas e protegidas pelo verde. Os parâmetros medidos foram temperatura, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar, temperatura radiante média e temperatura das superfícies internas e externas das envoltórias. Tais análises levaram à conclusão de que o uso da vegetação como elemento de proteção em coberturas e fachadas atua positivamente sobre os fluxos de calor na envoltória, representando uma importante ferramenta para o controle térmico passivo de altas temperaturas no interior das edificações.161718

Desempenho térmico de envoltórias vegetadas em edificações no sudeste brasileiro

A avaliação do desempenho térmico de edificações que utilizam coberturas verdes, paredes vivas ou paredes verdes como elemento de proteção da envoltória é um campo de grande importância para os profissionais de arquitetura e engenharia, por minimizar o ganho de calor, proporcionar melhor condição térmica e aprimorar seu desempenho. Este trabalho apresenta três diferentes estudos de desempenho térmico com revestimentos vegetais: 1) um estudo de caso com cobertura verde, 2) um estudo experimental com parede viva, e 3) um estudo de caso com parede verde, todos com medições comparativas e simultâneas entre superfícies expostas e protegidas pelo verde. Os parâmetros medidos foram temperatura, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar, temperatura radiante média e temperatura das superfícies internas e externas das envoltórias. Tais análises levaram à conclusão de que o uso da vegetação como elemento de proteção em coberturas e fachadas atua positivamente sobre os fluxos de calor na envoltória, representando uma importante ferramenta para o controle térmico passivo de altas temperaturas no interior das edificações

Green walls : environmental quality in the buildings

Orientador: Lucila Chebel LabakiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e UrbanismoResumo: A vegetação como estratégia bioclimática é bastante conhecido de profissionais, tanto do meio acadêmico quanto da construção. Há poucos estudos sobre a eficácia das paredes verdes na criação de ambientes confortáveis. Como elemento de fachada, a vegetação pode minimizar o ganho de calor, proporcionando uma melhor condição no conforto térmico das edificações. A adoção desse elemento de fachada deve estar presente desde o início do programa para a elaboração do projeto arquitetônico. No presente trabalho foi realizado um levantamento e análise do comportamento da vegetação e sua contribuição para atenuar o ganho de calor no interior da edificação, com os seguintes indicadores: conforto térmico, orientação da fachada, estética, manutenção e conservação da edificação e vegetação. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois segmentos. O primeiro, um estudo de caso na cidade de Campinas com avaliação do desempenho térmico de dois edifícios de construção idêntica, diferenciando-se apenas pela presença de trepadeira na fachada. Avaliou-se o comportamento da trepadeira Parthenocissus Tricuspidata (hera japonesa), e seus efeitos na temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento, temperatura superficial da parede interna e externa. A análise das temperaturas do ambiente externo e interno foi comparada com as respostas sobre a sensação de conforto térmico obtidas de entrevistas aplicadas aos moradores das edificações, permitindo determinar as condições limite do conforto térmico. No segundo momento, realizou-se um estudo experimental em três células-teste, comparando-se o desempenho térmico de uma parede sem trepadeira, uma segunda com trepadeira na fachada e a última com trepadeira sobre treliça afastada 20 cm da parede. Os resultados permitem concluir que o uso da vegetação trepadeira nas fachadas atenua o ganho de calor nas edificações no período mais quente. Esse estudo demonstrou também que, no uso do sistema de parede verde, no que se refere ao desempenho térmico, fachadas com trepadeira e com trepadeira sobre treliça são igualmente indicadas.Abstract: The use of vegetation as bioclimatic strategy is well-known by researchers and professionals from the construction sector. There are few studies, however, about the effectiveness of the green walls in creating comfortable environments. As façade element, the vegetation can minimize heat gain, providing a better thermal comfort condition in the buildings. The adoption of this façade element should be present from the beginning of the program for elaboration of architectural project. In this work it was accomplished a survey and analysis of the green wall behavior and its contribution to attenuate the heat gain inside the construction having in mind the following indicators: thermal comfort, orientation of the façade, aesthetics, maintenance and preservation of the construction and vegetation. The research was accomplished in two segments. First, a study case in the city of Campinas, through evaluation of the thermal performance of two buildings with identical construction, the only difference between them being the presence of creeper in the façade. The behavior of the creeper Parthenocissus Tricuspidata (Japanese -ivy), was evaluated and its effects on air temperature, relative humidity and air speed, as well as superficial temperature of the internal and external wall. The analysis of the external and internal environment temperatures was compared with the answers about thermal comfort and sensation obtained through interviews applied to the inhabitants of the constructions, allowing determining the limits of thermal comfort conditions. In the second moment it was accomplished an experimental study in three cells-tests, by comparing the performance of a wall without creeper, a wall with creeper in the façade, and in the last case a wall with creeper on latticework 20 cm distant from the wall. The results allow the conclusion that the use of the vegetation creeper in façades attenuates the heat gain in buildings in hotter periods. The study also demonstrated that, as referring to thermal performance, the creeper directly in the façade as well as on the 20 cm distant latticework is equally indicated.MestradoArquitetura e ConstruçãoMestre em Engenharia Civi

Desempenho térmico de envoltórias vegetadas em edificações no sudeste brasileiro

Resumo A avaliação do desempenho térmico de edificações que utilizam coberturas verdes, paredes vivas ou paredes verdes como elemento de proteção da envoltória é um campo de grande importância para os profissionais de arquitetura e engenharia, por minimizar o ganho de calor, proporcionar melhor condição térmica e aprimorar seu desempenho. Este trabalho apresenta três diferentes estudos de desempenho térmico com revestimentos vegetais: 1) um estudo de caso com cobertura verde, 2) um estudo experimental com parede viva, e 3) um estudo de caso com parede verde, todos com medições comparativas e simultâneas entre superfícies expostas e protegidas pelo verde. Os parâmetros medidos foram temperatura, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar, temperatura radiante média e temperatura das superfícies internas e externas das envoltórias. Tais análises levaram à conclusão de que o uso da vegetação como elemento de proteção em coberturas e fachadas atua positivamente sobre os fluxos de calor na envoltória, representando uma importante ferramenta para o controle térmico passivo de altas temperaturas no interior das edificações

Interaction between Overtraining and the Interindividual Variability May (Not) Trigger Muscle Oxidative Stress and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Rats

Severe endurance training (overtraining) may cause underperformance related to muscle oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte alterations. Currently, such relationship has not been empirically established. In this study, Wistar rats (n=19) underwent eight weeks of daily exercise sessions followed by three overtraining weeks in which the daily frequency of exercise sessions increased. After the 11th training week, eight rats exhibited a reduction of 38% in performance (nonfunctional overreaching group (NFOR)), whereas eleven rats exhibited an increase of 18% in performance (functional overreaching group (FOR)). The red gastrocnemius of NFOR presented significantly lower citrate synthase activity compared to FOR, but similar to that of the control. The activity of mitochondrial complex IV in NFOR was lower than that of the control and FOR. This impaired mitochondrial adaptation in NFOR was associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased lipid peroxidation (in muscle and plasma) relative to FOR and control. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was higher in NFOR. Plasma creatine kinase levels were unchanged. We observed that some rats that presented evidence of muscle oxidative stress are also subject to cardiomyocyte apoptosis under endurance overtraining. Blood lipid peroxides may be a suitable biomarker for muscle oxidative stress that is unrelated to severe muscle damage

Multiplicity dependence of light (anti-)nuclei production in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

The measurement of the deuteron and anti-deuteron production in the rapidity range −1 < y < 0 as a function of transverse momentum and event multiplicity in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV is presented. (Anti-)deuterons are identified via their specific energy loss dE/dx and via their time-of- flight. Their production in p–Pb collisions is compared to pp and Pb–Pb collisions and is discussed within the context of thermal and coalescence models. The ratio of integrated yields of deuterons to protons (d/p) shows a significant increase as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity of the event starting from values similar to those observed in pp collisions at low multiplicities and approaching those observed in Pb–Pb collisions at high multiplicities. The mean transverse particle momenta are extracted from the deuteron spectra and the values are similar to those obtained for p and particles. Thus, deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering. This behaviour is in contrast to the trend observed for non-composite particles in p–Pb collisions. In addition, the production of the rare 3He and 3He nuclei has been studied. The spectrum corresponding to all non-single diffractive p-Pb collisions is obtained in the rapidity window −1 < y < 0 and the pT-integrated yield dN/dy is extracted. It is found that the yields of protons, deuterons, and 3He, normalised by the spin degeneracy factor, follow an exponential decrease with mass number

A multi-country analysis of COVID-19 hospitalizations by vaccination status

Background: Individuals vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), when infected, can still develop disease&nbsp;that requires hospitalization. It remains unclear whether these patients differ from hospitalized unvaccinated patients with regard to presentation, coexisting comorbidities, and outcomes. Methods: Here, we use data from an international consortium to study this&nbsp;question and assess whether differences between these groups are&nbsp;context specific. Data from 83,163 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (34,843 vaccinated, 48,320 unvaccinated) from 38 countries were analyzed. Findings: While typical symptoms were more often reported in unvaccinated patients, comorbidities, including some associated with worse prognosis in previous studies, were more common in vaccinated patients. Considerable between-country variation in both in-hospital fatality risk and vaccinated-versus-unvaccinated difference in this outcome was observed. Conclusions: These findings will inform allocation of healthcare resources in future surges as well as design of longer-term international studies to characterize changes in clinical profile of hospitalized COVID-19 patients related to vaccination history. Funding: This work was made possible by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome (215091/Z/18/Z, 222410/Z/21/Z, 225288/Z/22/Z, and 220757/Z/20/Z); the Bill&nbsp;&amp; Melinda Gates&nbsp;Foundation (OPP1209135); and the philanthropic support of the donors&nbsp;to the University of Oxford's COVID-19 Research Response Fund (0009109). Additional funders are listed in the "acknowledgments" section

Multiplicity dependence of (multi-)strange hadron production in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

The production rates and the transverse momentum distribution of strange hadrons at mid-rapidity ($\left| y\right| < 0.5$) are measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV as a function of the charged particle multiplicity, using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The production rates of $\mathrm{K}^{0}_{S}$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi$, and $\Omega$ increase with the multiplicity faster than what is reported for inclusive charged particles. The increase is found to be more pronounced for hadrons with a larger strangeness content. Possible auto-correlations between the charged particles and the strange hadrons are evaluated by measuring the event-activity with charged particle multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. When comparing to lower energy results, the yields of strange hadrons are found to depend only on the mid-rapidity charged particle multiplicity. Several features of the data are reproduced qualitatively by general purpose QCD Monte Carlo models that take into account the effect of densely-packed QCD strings in high multiplicity collisions. However, none of the tested models reproduce the data quantitatively. This work corroborates and extends the ALICE findings on strangeness production in proton-proton collisions at 7 TeV

Production of charged pions, kaons, and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb and inelastic pppp collisions at sNN\sqrt {s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceMid-rapidity production of $\pi^{\pm}$, $\rm{K}^{\pm}$ and ($\bar{\rm{p}}$)p measured by the ALICE experiment at the LHC, in Pb-Pb and inelastic pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV, is presented. The invariant yields are measured over a wide transverse momentum ($p_{\rm{T}}$) range from hundreds of MeV/$c$ up to 20 GeV/$c$. The results in Pb-Pb collisions are presented as a function of the collision centrality, in the range 0$-$90%. The comparison of the $p_{\rm{T}}$-integrated particle ratios, i.e. proton-to-pion (p/$\pi$) and kaon-to-pion (K/$\pi$) ratios, with similar measurements in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV show no significant energy dependence. Blast-wave fits of the $p_{\rm{T}}$ spectra indicate that in the most central collisions radial flow is slightly larger at 5.02 TeV with respect to 2.76 TeV. Particle ratios (p/$\pi$, K/$\pi$) as a function of $p_{\rm{T}}$ show pronounced maxima at $p_{\rm{T}}$ $\approx$ 3 GeV/$c$ in central Pb-Pb collisions. At high $p_{\rm{T}}$, particle ratios at 5.02 TeV are similar to those measured in pp collisions at the same energy and in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV. Using the pp reference spectra measured at the same collision energy of 5.02 TeV, the nuclear modification factors for the different particle species are derived. Within uncertainties, the nuclear modification factor is particle species independent for high $p_{\rm{T}}$ and compatible with measurements at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV. The results are compared to state-of-the-art model calculations, which are found to describe the observed trends satisfactorily