Norse expansion and sami counterpower in Sør-Salten c. 600-1350

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Det norske skyldeie - et særnorsk fænomen?

Land Rent Ownership In Norway - A Peculiarity of the Norwegians?There seems to be a wide-spread conception among Nordic agrarian historians that the right to land property in the form it existed in Norway from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century, namely land-rent ownership (skyldeie), i.e., ownership of the right to receive rent from landed property rather than ownership of the land as such, was a peculiarly Norwegian phenomenon. An outstanding exponent of this idea was the Norwegian agrarian historian Andreas Holmsen. The author of the present study has nevertheless found a number of examples, especially in Danish sources, that justify a rejection of Holmsen's construction of the property system as uniquely Norwegian. For in Denmark as well, the annual land rent (skylden) of the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period functioned as a measure of land ownership in purchase, sale, and not the least, inheritance. The landowner could likewise possess a partial rent right or shares in the farm's rent right, an arrangement that merely entailed a right to a portion of the farm's income, but not the right of physical disposal. Like Norwegian land-rent ownership, the Danish annual land rent was the direct consequence of a predominant property and rent structure in the Late Middle Ages. The ownership of land functioned first and foremost as a source of rents; the landowners at that time rarely conceived of subdividing farms and plots or demanding the use of certain areas of a farm. Moreover, many of the tenant leases were tied into a complicated system of commons, some of them inhibiting the physical division of the farms involved; and in some forms of inheritance the cultivation systems would require a subdivision of rents and shared rent ownership. Furthermore, since the principle of justice was frequently applied in inheritance cases among the nobility, noble families seeking to divide the inheritance of farms with the greatest possible justice to the heirs could resort to a division of the annual land rents. On the other hand, Danish letters from the Late Middle Ages bear witness to the rarity of donating, bequeathing, selling, or panting rent shares to ecclesiastical institutions as well as other kinds of transactions involving rent shares. The Zealand Ecclesiastical Land Record (Sjællands Stifts Landebog) from 1567 shows quite clearly that the kind of donations made by the peasants to the parish churches and the clergy were small single plots, fields, crofts, cattle enclosures, or a house. A cursory examination of the tax record of 1662 shows with great clarity that cases of rent division in Denmark were modest in number compared, for instance, with those recorded in Norway in 1647. For the dominant pattern in Denmark was that one or more entire farms or even villages were owned by one person, while in central parts of Norway it was generally the rule that two or more persons held shares in one and the same farm.In the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries interest in the form of ownership underwent a change in Denmark. The right of disposal of landed property and its potential as a source of income increasingly became a motive in property transactions. Parallel with the growth of demesne production, the acquisition of surrounding properties, and the development of manorial rights (primarily tenant labour), manorial status acquired greater attraction as an object of ownership. Compared to the older rent-owner the manorial owner (herlighetseieren) personified sovereign landownership - in possession of far greater rights than his predecessor. In Norway the right of bygsel, like manorial rights (herlighetsrettigheter) in Denmark, replaced rent ownership as the real object of ownership from around the middle of the seventeenth century. The right of bygsel gave the owner of the largest share of land rent the right to determine the successor of the tenant and to ensure the collection of the rent. In Norway, too, it was new owner interests that brought about the changes in the concept of property. This is seen in the way the right of rent ceded in importance to the right of disposal of the farm, its prerogatives and its appurtenances. We have seen that there were many similarities between the Danish and the Norwegian property systems, although agrarian society in the two countries was obviously very different in many ways. The fact remains that a system of land-rent rights existed in both countries. In Sweden, too, examples can be found of rent ownership, e.g., in the Skara Ecclesiastical Land Record for 1540. It is also likely that similar forms of ownership can be found in other countries such as England, France, and Germany.Translated by Michael Wolf

Solid strukturhistorie om kvinner, uten særlig mange menn

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Arbeid, arbeidere og arbeiderbevegelse på Agder 1500–2020

Agder was and is an important industrial and working-class county. Wasn't it in Arendal that the Norwegian Labor Party was founded? Isn't it the case that a number of eloquent agitators, ideologues and strategists come from the South? It's not a guess that Kristiansand is new Houston? This book will help bring work, the workers and the labor movement in Agder out of oblivion. Eight authors take us through working life in Southern Norway between 1500 and 2020. The history of industrial work in Sørlandet is proud and varied: There was shipbuilding and ironworks operation, steam engines and mechanical workshops, textile industry, breweries and bakeries before 1900. Around the turn of the century, the region gained large jobs in wood processing and the electrometallurgical industry. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by many small and medium-sized businesses. And in recent times there has been another increase, with industrial work in shipbuilding and the oil industry. This anthology deals with the history of work, workers and the labor movement and also concerns challenges, conflicts and cooperation. As several of the contributions in the book show, it happened that Sørlandet's underclass took a strong stand against the authorities and employers. Labour, the workers and the labor movement in Agder not only have a past, but also a present. Two of the contributions shed light on current topics such as labor migration in and out of Agder, neoliberalism and trade union work in Agder. The chapters in the book are relevant for both researchers and lay people, not least from the labor movement, from Agder and other parts of the country

Assessing distinct patterns of cognitive aging using tissue-specific brain age prediction based on diffusion tensor imaging and brain morphometry

Multimodal imaging enables sensitive measures of the architecture and integrity of the human brain, but the high-dimensional nature of advanced brain imaging features poses inherent challenges for the analyses and interpretations. Multivariate age prediction reduces the dimensionality to one biologically informative summary measure with potential for assessing deviations from normal lifespan trajectories. A number of studies documented remarkably accurate age prediction, but the differential age trajectories and the cognitive sensitivity of distinct brain tissue classes have yet to be adequately characterized. Exploring differential brain age models driven by tissue-specific classifiers provides a hitherto unexplored opportunity to disentangle independent sources of heterogeneity in brain biology. We trained machine-learning models to estimate brain age using various combinations of FreeSurfer based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging based indices of white matter microstructure in 612 healthy controls aged 18–87 years. To compare the tissue-specific brain ages and their cognitive sensitivity, we applied each of the 11 models in an independent and cognitively well-characterized sample (n = 265, 20–88 years). Correlations between true and estimated age and mean absolute error (MAE) in our test sample were highest for the most comprehensive brain morphometry (r = 0.83, CI:0.78–0.86, MAE = 6.76 years) and white matter microstructure (r = 0.79, CI:0.74–0.83, MAE = 7.28 years) models, confirming sensitivity and generalizability. The deviance from the chronological age were sensitive to performance on several cognitive tests for various models, including spatial Stroop and symbol coding, indicating poorer performance in individuals with an over-estimated age. Tissue-specific brain age models provide sensitive measures of brain integrity, with implications for the study of a range of brain disorders

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large‐scale studies. In response, we used cross‐sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3–90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age‐related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta‐analysis and one‐way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3–90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter‐individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age‐related morphometric patterns