Transporte de nano SiO₂ por migración a través de materiales cementantes

Uno de los nanos materiales más investigados actualmente es la nano-sílice, la cual ha despertado el interés de muchos investigadores debido a que está aportando grandes beneficios a los materiales base cemento. La nano-sílice ha demostrado que mejora las propiedades de los materiales cementantes tanto en estado fresco como en endurecido. Puede modificar las propiedades reológicas o la trabajabilidad en estado fresco, así como la resistencia a la compresión y la porosidad de las estructuras después de la etapa de endurecimiento. Es por esto que estas nano-partículas representan la oportunidad de realizar importantes avances que permitan optimizar el uso de los recursos actuales y el aprovechamiento de los materiales cementantes. En este trabajo, se está estudiando la posibilidad de utilizar la nano-sílice como un tratamiento superficial que ayude a disminuir el impacto del medio ambiente en estructuras en servicio que puedan presentar un cierto deterioro. Se analiza la utilización de nano-partículas en concreto en estado endurecido con el fin de mejorar su desempeño y sus aspectos de durabilidad. Por medio del método de migración electroquímica, basado en el transporte de partículas con cierta carga bajo la acción de un campo eléctrico, se favorece la penetración de nano-partículas de sílice hacia el interior de un mortero de cemento Portland desde una cara expuesta a una solución coloidal. Las partículas se mueven por acción del campo eléctrico hacia el ánodo situado en la cara opuesta de la probeta de mortero, dando lugar a una interacción química con la microestructura de la matriz cementante. Se ha observado que las partículas de sílice en esta solución coloidal empiezan a aglomerarse después de cierto periodo de tiempo y solidifican sobre la superficie expuesta de la probeta de mortero. Este material sólido ocasiona que la cantidad de corriente que circula por el circuito disminuya y por consiguiente baje la efectividad del mismo, ya que las partículas con carga eléctrica se mueven con mayor dificultad en medios solidos que en líquidos. Se encontró que la incorporación de nano-partículas de sílice a la matriz de mortero endurecido puede afectar el desempeño de una manera positiva frente a la penetración de cloruros, carbonatación y absorción de agua por capilaridad. De acuerdo a las respuestas eléctricas durante el tratamiento, se encontró que la resistencia eléctrica de las probetas aumenta, lo cual puede relacionarse con la modificación del sistema poroso debido al efecto filler de las nano-partículas; es decir, al refinar los poros, las cargas eléctricas encuentran menos espacio para moverse. Además las nano-partículas afectan químicamente a las fases de la pasta del cemento, ya que se encontró por microscopia electrónica de barrido que a una distancia entre 1.5 y 2 mm, aparecen aglomerados que enriquecen de silicio a las fases de la matriz del mortero y en otros casos, la migración cambia totalmente la apariencia del mortero y ocasiona valores de relaciones Ca/Si muy por debajo de los valores convencionales registrados en la literatura, con lo que es posible pensar que puede existir una actividad puzzolanica

Does electro-peroxonation improve performance of electro-ozonation?

This work focuses on the comparison of the degradation and mineralization of clopyralid with electrochemically produced hydrogen peroxide (electro-H2O2), ozone (electro-ozonation) and their mixture (electro-peroxone) and points out important differences among the performance of the oxidation technologies. Co-existence of electrochemically produced hydrogen peroxide and ozone decreases the concentration of ozone and increases the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the bulk, because of the formation and recombination of hydroxyl radicals. Oxidation of clopyralid and mineralization of the wastewater is less efficient with hydrogen peroxide and more efficient with ozone. Peroxone shows an intermediate performance which can be related with the oxidant’s speciation produced in the wastewater. Different behavior between in situ electrochemically produced ozone and ozone dosed, indicates activation of ozone in the electrolyte during the electro-ozonation process. Results highlights the good performance of the simple electro-ozonation that overcomes other EAOPs and indicates than combination of powerful oxidants in this case does not result in the expected synergism but in antagonistic responses.Este trabajo se centra en la comparación de la degradación y mineralización de la clopiralida con peróxido de hidrógeno producido electroquímicamente (electro-H 2 O 2 ), ozono (electro-ozonización) y su mezcla (electro-peroxona) y señala diferencias importantes entre el rendimiento de Las tecnologías de oxidación. La coexistencia de peróxido de hidrógeno y ozono producidos electroquímicamente disminuye la concentración de ozono y aumenta la concentración de peróxido de hidrógeno a granel, debido a la formación y recombinación de radicales hidroxilo.. La oxidación de clopiralida y la mineralización de las aguas residuales es menos eficiente con peróxido de hidrógeno y más eficiente con ozono. La peroxona muestra un comportamiento intermedio que se puede relacionar con la especiación del oxidante producido en las aguas residuales. El diferente comportamiento entre el ozono producido electroquímicamente in situ y el ozono dosificado, indica la activación del ozono en el electrolito durante el proceso de electro-ozonización. Los resultados destacan el buen desempeño de la electro-ozonización simple que supera a otros EAOP e indica que la combinación de potentes oxidantes en este caso no da como resultado el sinergismo esperado sino respuestas antagónicas

Effect of milling time on mechanical properties of fly ash incorporated cement mortars

Abstract. Currently, thermal energy generation through coal combustion produces ash particles which cause serious environmental problems and which are known as Fly Ash (FA). FA main components are oxides of silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium and magnesium in addition, toxic metals such as arsenic and cobalt. The use of fly ash as a cement replacement material increases long term strength and durability of concrete. In this work, samples were prepared by replacing cement by ground fly ash in 10, 20 and 30% by weight. The characterization of raw materials and microstructure was obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The final results showed that the grinding process significantly improves the mechanical properties of all samples when compared replacing a mortar made with cement by ground fly ash and the reference samples without added fly ash. The beneficial effect of the ground fly ash can increase the use of this product in precast concrete industr

Fitoperifiton asociado al río Acacias-Pajure en la Orinoquia colombiana

Phytoperiphyton refers to the autotrophic component belonging to the periphyton community, composed of aquatic microorganisms that have been monitored for their ecological importance and potential as bioindicators. Few investigations have been carried out on this community in the Colombian Orinoquia, a region with abundant water resources and multiple anthropic pressures, because it is the country’s main agricultural and energy source. Three monitorings were carried out at 12 points along the Acacias-Pajure River, where a total of 41 genera were identified. The highest records of richness were presented at monitoring points 6 and 7, associated with oil palm crops and livestock activity. Navicula (Ochrophyta) and Cosmarium (Charophyta) were the most frequent genera, Oedogonium (Chlorophyta) and Phormidium (Cyanobacteria) the most abundant along the river.El fitoperifiton hace referencia al componente autótrofo perteneciente a la comunidad del perifiton, compuesta por microorganismos acuáticos que han sido monitoreados por su importancia ecológica y potencial como bioindicadores. Son escasos los estudios que se han realizado sobre esta comunidad en la Orinoquia colombiana, región con un abundante recurso hídrico y con múltiples presiones antrópicas, debido a que es la principal despensa agrícola y energética del país. Se realizaron tres monitoreos en 12 puntos a lo largo del río Acacias-Pajure, en donde se identificaron un total de 41 géneros. Los mayores registros de riqueza se presentaron en los puntos de monitoreo 6 y 7, asociados a cultivos de palma de aceite y actividad ganadera. Navicula (Ochrophyta) y Cosmarium (Charophyta) fueron los géneros más frecuentes, Oedogonium (Chlorophyta) y Phormidium (Cyanobacteria) los más abundantes a lo largo del río

The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17)

The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17)

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV : mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median z ~ 0.03). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between z ~ 0.6 and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July