Relações filogenéticas e taxonomia da tribo Henriquezieae Benth. & Hook. f (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) no Escudo das Guianas

Orientador: Luiza Sumiko KinoshitaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: O Escudo das Guianas é uma região que se encontra no norte da América do Sul, entre o rio Orinoco e o rio Amazonas. Este maciço representa aproximadamente 13% da área da América do Sul, é uma das formações geológicas mais antigas que data desde o Pré-Cambriano. A família Rubiaceae tem alta diversidade e alto endemismo nestas áreas. Henriquezieae (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae), cuja distribuição é praticamente restrita ao Escudo das Guianas, apresenta características atípicas dentro de Rubiaceae, como flores principalmente zigomorfas, sementes planas e carentes de endosperma e ovário secundariamente súpero. A tribo encontra-se inserida no Clado Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae (subfamília Ixoroideae) que é predominantemente restrito ao Escudo das Guianas. Apesar de existir uma recente hipótese filogenética da tribo as relações a nível infratribal não foram resolvidas. Além disso, a última revisão taxonômica da tribo foi realizada em 1984, desde então novas coletas e novas espécies tem surgido, sendo necessária uma atualização taxonômica da tribo. Os objetivos deste trabalho são ampliar a amostragem das espécies em Henriquezieae e incrementar a amostragem de dados moleculares usando sequenciamento de nova geração para resolver as relações dentro da tribo, e postular hipóteses sobre a evolução da morfologia atípica que a tribo apresenta. Além disso, atualizar a taxonomia depois da última revisão taxonômica feita por Rogers em 1984. Nossos resultados mostram que Henriquezieae e os três gêneros que compõem a tribo são fortemente sustentados como monofiléticos. Gleasonia é o grupo irmão de Henriquezia e Platycarpum. Os resultados da reconstrução ancestral da morfologia mostram que os caracteres atípicos em Henriquezieae são apomórficos. Sinapomorfias morfológicas como corola variegada com linhas e/ou macula, endosperma reduzido e fruto leve a fortemente achatado perpendicular ao septo são propostas para a tribo. É apresentado um tratamento taxonômico com 23 espécies, chaves taxonômicas e mapas de distribuição atualizadosAbstract: The Guiana Shield is a region in the north of South America, between Orinoco and Amazon River. This area represents approximately 13% of South America, and is one of the oldest geological formations dating from the Precambrian. The Rubiaceae family has high diversity and high endemism in this area. Henriquezieae is a tribe in the Rubiaceae family distributed mainly in the Guiana Shield. It has a variable morphology and presents atypical characteristics within Rubiaceae, such as zygomorphic corollas, seeds flattened and without endosperm and ovary secondarily superior. The tribe belongs to the Clade Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae (subfamily Ixoroideae), which is predominantly restricted to the Guiana Shield. Despite a recent phylogenetic hypothesis of the tribe, where it is considered monophyletic, a new sampling is necessary to infer infratribal level relationships. The latest taxonomic revision for the tribe was in 1984, since then new collections and new species have emerged, requiring a taxonomic update of the tribe. Our objectives are to expand the number of species samples and molecular sampling using next generation sequencing to resolve the relationships within the tribe, to postulate hypotheses about the evolution of atypical morphology and to update the taxonomy after the last taxonomic revision by Rogers in 1984. Our results show that Henriquezieae and the three genera in the tribe are strongly supported as monophyletic. Gleasonia is the sister group of Henriquezia and Platycarpum. The results of ancestral morphology reconstruction shows that atypical characters are apomorphic characters in Henriquezieae. Morphological synapomorphies as corolla variegation internally with lines and/or spots, reduced endosperm and fruits slight to strong flattened perpendiculary to the septum are proposed for the tribe. We also present a taxonomic treatment with 23 species, taxonomic keys, and updated distribution mapsDoutoradoBiologia VegetalDoutora em Biologia VegetalCNP

EL ELA TRADICIONAL: EL USO DE LAS ESPECIES VEGETALES DE LOS HUMEDALES EN EL TEJIDO DEL PUEBLO URARINA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO CHAMBIRA, LORETO, PERÚ

In the Chambira River Watershed, Loreto, Peru. Uranina women are well known for weaving mats called ela or cachihuango from aguaje palm (Mauritia flexuosa) fiber and other wetland plant species. The ela fabric becomes a sign of identity that unites past and present generations, through the link made between the elder master weaver and the young apprentice. The objectives of this study were to explore the plant species used by two urarinas communities in the production of mats. We conducted semi-structured interviews, observed textile practice, and visited areas where plant species were collected. We identified seven plant species that were used directly or indirectly in the production of ela. The findings reinforce the idea of the late adaptation of the Urarina people to wetlands and the potential role that traditional practice has for its conservation.En la cuenca del río Chambira, Loreto, Perú, las mujeres Uranina son conocidas por tejer esteras llamadas “ela” o “cachihuango” de la fibra de la palmera aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) y otras especies de los humedales. El tejido “ela” se convierte en seña de identidad que une el pasado con el presente de las nuevas generaciones, a través del vínculo entre la maestra tejedora y la joven aprendiza. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies vegetales utilizadas por dos comunidades del pueblo urarina en sus tejidos tradicionales. Aplicamos entrevistas semi-estructuradas, observamos las prácticas textiles y visitamos las zonas donde las especies de plantas fueron colectadas. Se determinó el uso, directo o indirecto, de siete especies vegetales utilizadas en el tejido tradicional “ela”. Los hallazgos refuerzan la idea de la adaptación tardía del pueblo urarina a los humedales y la importancia que la práctica tradicional tiene para la conservación de los ecosistemas inundables

Amazonía: Guía ilustrada de flora y fauna

La guía contribuye al conocimiento de la riqueza y diversidad de nuestra fauna y flora amazónicas, publicada inicialmente en el año 2009, alcanza su tercera edición ampliada y corregidacon la colaboración de especialistas del Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana y otros expertos que han revisado y ampliado la información. Se han incorporado especies nuevas y actualizado la nomenclatura científica. Las 587 especies de plantas y animales descritas y bellamente ilustradas en esta obra, han sido seleccionadas de acuerdo a su importancia para la conservación, así como en la vida diaria de los pobladores amazónicos, teniendo en cuenta su relevancia económica, medicinal y cultural. Sin duda se constituye en una importante fuente de consulta que amplía el conocimiento y la valoración de la rica biodiversidad amazónica.Revisión por pares

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Indaga sobre los patrones geográficos y los correlatos ecológicos en la distribución geográfica de los modos de dispersión arbórea más comunes en la Amazonia (endozoocoria, sinzoocoria, anemoocoria e hidrocoria). Se examina si la abundancia proporcional de estos modos de dispersión podría explicarse por la disponibilidad de agentes dispersores (hipótesis de disponibilidad de dispersores) y/o la disponibilidad de recursos para la poducción de frutos zoocorios (hipótesis de disponibilidad de recursos). Para ello se usaron parcelas de inventario de árboles establecidas entre 1934 y 2019, con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) ≥ 9,55 cm. Ubicados en las selvas tropicales de tierras bajas de la cuenca del río Amazonas y el Escudo Guayanés. Se asignaron modos de dispersión a un total de 5433 especies y morfoespecies en 1877 parcelas de inventario de árboles en bosques de abeto, inundados estacionalmente y permanentemente inundados. Se investigaron los patrones geográficos en la abundancia proporcional de los modos de dispersión. Se realizó una prueba de distancia media entre pares ponderada por abundancia (MPD) y ajustamos modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) para explicar la distribución geográfica de los modos de dispersión. La anemocoria se asoció significativa y positivamente con la velocidad media anual del viento, y la hidrocoria fue significativamente mayor en los bosques inundados. Los modos de dispersión no mostraron consistentemente asociaciones significativas con la disponibilidad de recursos para la construcción de frutos zoochorous. Una menor disimilitud en los modos de dispersión, resultante de una mayor dominancia de la endozoocoria, se produjo en los bosques de abeto (excluyendo los podzoles) en comparación con los bosques inundados. La hipótesis dispersor-disponibilidad fue bien apoyada para los modos de dispersión abióticos (anemochoria e hidrochoria). La disponibilidad de recursos para la construcción de frutos zoocorios parece una explicación poco probable para la distribución de los modos de dispersión en la Amazonia. La asociación entre los frugívoros y la abundancia proporcional de zoocoría requiere más investigación, ya que el reclutamiento de árboles no sólo depende de los vectores de dispersión, sino también de las condiciones que favorecen o limitan el reclutamiento de plántulas en los distintos tipos de bosque.Revisión por pares

Risks to carbon storage from land-use change revealed by peat thickness maps of Peru

This work was funded by NERC (grant ref. NE/R000751/1) to I.T.L., A.H., K.H.R., E.T.A.M., C.M.A., T.R.B., G.D. and E.C.D.G.; Leverhulme Trust (grant ref. RPG-2018-306) to K.H.R., L.E.S.C. and C.E.W.; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grant no. 5439, MonANPeru network) to T.R.B., E.N.H.C. and G.F.; Wildlife Conservation Society to E.N.H.C.; Concytec/British Council/Embajada Británica Lima/Newton Fund (grant ref. 220–2018) to E.N.H.C. and J.D.; Concytec/NERC/Embajada Británica Lima/Newton Fund (grant ref. 001–2019) to E.N.H.C. and N.D.; the governments of the United States (grant no. MTO-069018) and Norway (grant agreement no. QZA-12/0882) to K.H.; and NERC Knowledge Exchange Fellowship (grant ref no. NE/V018760/1) to E.N.H.C.Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems but land-use change has led to the loss of large peatland areas, associated with substantial greenhouse gas emissions. To design effective conservation and restoration policies, maps of the location and carbon storage of tropical peatlands are vital. This is especially so in countries such as Peru where the distribution of its large, hydrologically intact peatlands is poorly known. Here field and remote sensing data support the model development of peatland extent and thickness for lowland Peruvian Amazonia. We estimate a peatland area of 62,714 km2 (5th and 95th confidence interval percentiles of 58,325 and 67,102 km2, respectively) and carbon stock of 5.4 (2.6–10.6) PgC, a value approaching the entire above-ground carbon stock of Peru but contained within just 5% of its land area. Combining the map of peatland extent with national land-cover data we reveal small but growing areas of deforestation and associated CO2 emissions from peat decomposition due to conversion to mining, urban areas and agriculture. The emissions from peatland areas classified as forest in 2000 represent 1–4% of Peruvian CO2 forest emissions between 2000 and 2016. We suggest that bespoke monitoring, protection and sustainable management of tropical peatlands are required to avoid further degradation and CO2 emissions.PostprintPeer reviewe

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Sixty-four new records for the flora of Peru from rapid biological inventories in the Peruvian Amazon

Durante el período 2000 – 2016, se llevaron a cabo 15 inventarios biológicos en áreas remotas en el pie de monte andino y el llano amazónico del Perú. En estos inventarios, 27 botánicos colectaron un total de 9397 especímenes de plantas vasculares fértiles. Hasta finales del 2017, más de la mitad de estos especímenes se han identificado a nivel de especie, de los cuales 64 especies y 2 géneros (Dicorynia y Monopteryx) representan nuevos registros para la flora del Perú. Si esta tasa de novedades se mantiene, el número de registros nuevos en el material de los inventarios podría aumentar, lo cual nos indica que aún queda mucho por descubrir en la flora andino-amazónica del Perú.Between 2000 and 2016 we carried out 15 rapid biological inventories in remote areas of the Andean foothills and Amazon basin in Peru. During these inventories, 27 botanists collected 9397 fertile vascular plant specimens. By the end of 2017, more than half of these specimens had been identified to species. Of the 2303 species identified to date, 64 species and 2 genera (Dicorynia and Monopteryx) are new records for the flora of Peru. If this rate of discovery proves typical, the number of new records for Peru in the rapid inventory material could increase, which indicates that there is still much to discover in the Peruvian flora

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century