IDOSOS FRAGILIZADOS E POLIMEDICADOS NO CONTEXTO DA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA

The rise in life expectancy and patients with multiple morbidities in Primary Health Care entails the phenomenon of polypharmacy in the elderly population. Polypharmacy is described as the daily use of 5 or more different medications. It is associated with inadequate drug administration, risk of drug interactions, and potentially deleterious effects on the normal function of the elder, increasing their state of fragility. Fragility is a state of high physical, cognitive, psychological, and social vulnerability that results in dependency, reduced quality of life, and increased demand for health care. Polypharmacy and fragility are strongly connected conditions, both likely to be modified, which importance deserves to stand out due to the risks of inappropriate and excessive use of drugs and the susceptibility of the elders to iatrogenesis. Thus, this bibliographic and qualitative review study based on references collected from LILACS and PubMed through the Health Sciences Descriptors “Primary Health Care” AND “Polypharmacy” AND “Frail Elderly” aims to discuss the vulnerabilities of the frail and polymedicated elderly in the context of Primary Health Care. One notes the importance of early recognition of the fragility state risks to the elder to prevent adverse impacts since this group presents as the most vulnerable to iatrogenesis, and quaternary prevention actions, such as deprescribing, appear to be of great relevance. Primary Health Care services are the ideal scenario for these actions, yet, models of care are still overly focused on diseases, so they may not be enough to manage the fragility of the elderly population.O aumento da expectativa de vida e de usuários com multimorbidades na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) têm sido acompanhados pelo fenômeno da polifarmácia na população idosa. A polifarmácia caracteriza-se pelo uso diário de 5 ou mais medicamentos diferentes e está relacionada a administração inadequada de fármacos, risco de interações medicamentosas e efeitos potencialmente prejudiciais às funções do idoso, aumentando seu estado de fragilidade. Este define-se como um elevado estado de vulnerabilidade física, cognitiva, psicológica e social, resultando em dependência, reduzida qualidade de vida e alta demanda de cuidados de saúde. A polifarmácia e a fragilidade são situações conectadas e possivelmente modificáveis que merecem destaque devido ao risco de uso inapropriado e excessivo de medicamentos e à suscetibilidade dos idosos à iatrogenia. Assim, esta revisão narrativa da literatura de caráter qualitativo visa discutir as vulnerabilidades dos idosos fragilizados e polimedicados na APS a partir de referências encontradas nas bases LILACS e PubMed por meio dos descritores “Primary Health Care” AND “Polypharmacy” AND “Frail Elderly”. Nota-se a importância do reconhecimento precoce dos riscos de fragilização nos idosos para prevenir efeitos adversos à saúde, pois este grupo apresenta-se como o mais vulnerável à iatrogenia e ações de prevenção quaternária, como a desprescrição, mostram-se de grande relevância. A APS é o local ideal para essas ações, contudo, os modelos de cuidado ainda estão excessivamente focados na doença, de modo que podem não ser suficientes para manejar as fragilidades da população idosa

Circulating microRNAs in sera correlate with soluble biomarkers of immune activation but do not predict mortality in ART treated individuals with HIV-1 infection: A case control study

Introduction: The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality. However, HIV-1 infected individuals have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the non-HIV-1 infected population and this appears to be related to end-organ diseases collectively referred to as Serious Non-AIDS Events (SNAEs). Circulating miRNAs are reported as promising biomarkers for a number of human disease conditions including those that constitute SNAEs. Our study sought to investigate the potential of selected miRNAs in predicting mortality in HIV-1 infected ART treated individuals. Materials and Methods: A set of miRNAs was chosen based on published associations with human disease conditions that constitute SNAEs. This case: control study compared 126 cases (individuals who died whilst on therapy), and 247 matched controls (individuals who remained alive). Cases and controls were ART treated participants of two pivotal HIV-1 trials. The relative abundance of each miRNA in serum was measured, by RTqPCR. Associations with mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy) were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Correlations between miRNAs and CD4+ T cell count, hs-CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer were also assessed. Results: None of the selected miRNAs was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or malignancy mortality. The levels of three miRNAs (miRs -21, -122 and -200a) correlated with IL-6 while miR-21 also correlated with D-dimer. Additionally, the abundance of miRs -31, -150 and -223, correlated with baseline CD4+ T cell count while the same three miRNAs plus miR- 145 correlated with nadir CD4+ T cell count. Discussion: No associations with mortality were found with any circulating miRNA studied. These results cast doubt onto the effectiveness of circulating miRNA as early predictors of mortality or the major underlying diseases that contribute to mortality in participants treated for HIV-1 infection

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2–4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

Alterações hipocampais em camundongos submetidos a um modelo experimental de apneia do sono

Introdução: A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) ocasiona a hipóxia intermitente (HI), causando doenças cardíacas, vasculares e neurológicas. O modelo de experimentação animal utiliza a HI para simular a AOS, permitindo a avaliação das alterações encefálicas, sendo o hipocampo uma área reconhecidamente influenciada pela hipóxia. A S100B é uma proteína de 21-kDa ligada ao cálcio, produzida e liberada principalmente pelos astrócitos no neurópilo do sistema nervoso central. Sua dosagem tem sido utilizada para compreender o envolvimento de distintos tipos celulares em determinadas condições patológicas. O presente estudo objetiva testar a hipótese de que a HI empregada em um modelo experimental de AOS em camundongos é capaz de alterar o número de astrócitos em diferentes subcamadas hipocampais (CA1, CA3 e DG), além de modificar qualitativamente a reatividade imuno-histoquímica destas células ao S100B. Materiais e Métodos: Camundongos CF-1 foram expostos ou a 35 dias de HI (n = 27) ou a HIS (n = 27), alternando 30 segundos de hipóxia progressiva a um nadir de 7%, seguidos por 30 segundos de normóxia. Durante 8 horas, os animais sofreram um total de 480 ciclos de hipóxia/reoxigenação, equivalente a um índice de apneia de 60/hora. O encéfalo foi dissecado, sendo o hipocampo e suas subcamadas analisados histologicamente pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica com a utilização do anticorpo S100B. Resultados: Foi realizada a análise quantitativa dos astrócitos hipocampais imunorreagentes ao S100B. A média desta foi de 23,85 ± 0,37 astrócitos/0,25 mm2 no grupo HI, enquanto no grupo HIS foi de 21,03 ± 0,50 astrócitos/0,25 mm2 (p < 0,001). Esta diferença também foi também observada de forma global nas subcamadas CA1 e CA3, sendo menos perceptível no DG. A imunorreatividade astrocitária foi maior (+++) no grupo HI, não atingindo tal intensidade no grupo HIS. A análise qualitativa secundária evidenciou a presença de cariorrexe, de picnose neuronal, além de corpos celulares astrocitários discretamente hipertróficos apenas nos animais do grupo HI. Conclusão: A HI aumentou a densidade numérica de astrócitos hipocampais, assim como a imunorreatividade destas células ao S100B, no processo chamado de astrogliose reativa. Alterações neuronais secundárias também foram observadas no grupo HI. Investigações futuras utilizando outras metodologias permitirão uma melhor avaliação dos resultados aqui descritos.Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes intermittent hypoxia (IH), leading to cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The animal experimental studies use IH to simulate OSA, enabling the analysis of brain alterations, with the hippocampus recognized as an area influenced by hypoxia. S100B is a 21-kDa protein bonded to calcium, produced and secreted primarily by astrocytes in the neutrophil of the central nervous system. Levels of the protein have been used to understand the involvement of different cell types in certain pathological conditions. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that IH used in an experimental design investigating OSA in mice can alter the number of astrocytes in different hippocampal sublayers (CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus), in addition to quantitatively modifying the immunohistochemical reactivity of these cells. Materials and Methods: CF-1 mice were exposed to 35 days of either IH (n = 27) or SIH (n = 27), alternating 30 seconds of progressive hypoxia with a nadir of 7%, followed by 30 seconds of normoxia. Over a period of 8 hours, the animals were submitted to a total of 48 hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles, equivalent to an apnea index of 60/hour. The brain was dissected and the hippocampus and its sublayers were histologically analyzed by immunohistochemistry using S100B antibodies. Results: A quantitative analysis was performed of hippocampal astrocytes immunoreactive to S100B. The means recorded were 23.85 ± 0.37 astrocytes/0.25 mm2 and 21.03 ± 0.50 astrocytes/0.25 mm2 (p < 0.001) in the IH and SIH (simulated intermittent hypoxia) groups, respectively. This difference was also observed in sublayers CA1 and CA3 overall, and was less noticeable in the dentate gyrus. Astrocyte immunoreactivity was greater (+++) in the IH group and did not achieve this intensity in the SIH group. Secondary qualitative analysis revealed the presence of karyorrhexis, pyknotic neurons, and discretely hypertrophic astrocytes only in animals from the IH group. Conclusion: IH increased the number density of hippocampal astrocytes, as well as their immunoreactivity to S100B, in a process known as reactive astrogliosis. Secondary neuron alterations were also observed in the IH group. Future investigations using alternative methodologies would allow a better assessment of the results described here

Epithelial trophoblastic tumor associated with in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix Tumor trofoblástico epitelioide associado a carcinoma epidermoide in situ cervical

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumors are rare neoplasias that develop from the neoplastic transformation of chorionic-type intermediate trophoblasts. They show a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses. The authors describe a case of epithelioid trophoblastic tumor with atypical presentation in a 26-year-old patient that had recently undergone conization for in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The histopathology, immunohistochemistry and differential diagnoses of the lesion are also discussed. No similar case had been reported in the medical literature and it is an example of the hindrances to the diagnosis of epithelioid trophoblastic tumors.<br>Os tumores trofoblásticos epitelioides são neoplasias raras que se desenvolvem a partir da transformação neoplásica de trofoblastos intermediários coriônicos, apresentando grande espectro de diagnósticos diferenciais. Os autores descrevem um caso de tumor trofoblástico epitelioide com apresentação atípica em paciente de 26 anos de idade, que apresentava história recente de conização por carcinoma epidermoide in situ do colo uterino. Histopatologia, imuno-histoquímica e diagnósticos diferenciais da lesão também são discutidos. Nenhum caso similar foi descrito na literatura, sendo um exemplo das dificuldades encontradas para diagnosticar os tumores trofoblásticos epitelioides