Optimization of concrete I-beams using a new hybrid glowworm swarm algorithm

In this paper a new hybrid glowworm swarm algorithm (SAGSO) for solving structural optimization problems is presented. The structure proposed to be optimized here is a simply-supported concrete I-beam defined by 20 variables. Eight different concrete mixtures are studied, varying the compressive strength grade and compacting system. The solutions are evaluated following the Spanish Code for structural concrete. The algorithm is applied to two objective functions, namely the embedded CO2 emissions and the economic cost of the structure. The ability of glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) to search in the entire solution space is combined with the local search by Simulated Annealing (SA) to obtain better results than using the GSO and SA independently. Finally, the hybrid algorithm can solve structural optimization problems applied to discrete variables. 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Pyrazolyl Pd(II) complexes containing triphenylphosphine: Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity

Complexes of the type trans-[PdCl2(HL)(PPh3)], where HL = pyrazole (1); 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (2); 4-nitropyrazole (3); 4-iodopyrazole (4) and PPh3 = triphenylphosphine, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and H-1 NMR spectroscopies. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction determination on 3.0.9 CHCl3 and 4 showed that the coordination geometry around Pd(II) is nearly square-planar, with the chloro ligands in a trans configuration. In vitro antimycobacterial evaluation demonstrated that compound 4 displayed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7.61 +/- 2.18 mu M, being superior to the values observed for some commonly used antituberculosis drugs and other metal-based complexes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved