7 research outputs found

    Etude du rÎle de la protéine phosphatase de type 1 Glc7 dans l'inactivation des mécanismes de surveillance de l'ADN et analyse des interrégulations entre le mécanisme de surveillance de l'ADN et celui du fuseau mitotique chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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    In eukaryotes, the proper transmission of the genetic material during cell division is partly realized through surveillance pathways (or checkpoints) which control DNA integrity and the equal repartition of the sister chromatids in the daughter cells. The DNA checkpoints are activated in cases of DNA damage or replication defects whereas the spindle checkpoint is triggered by defects altering all aspects of the spindle function. These surveillance pathways coordinate multiple responses including cell cycle arrests. They are widely conserved in eucaryotes and mutations affecting their components are frequently observed in human cancer cells. DNA checkpoint activation has been thoroughly analyzed and involves many phosphorylation events. Cell cycle resumption following checkpoint inactivation is less understood but constitutes an essential step for cell survival. We have shown that the overexpression of the PP1 phosphatase Glc7 facilitates DNA checkpoint inactivation after DNA double-strand break in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA and the spindle checkpoints used to be considered as independent pathways but we have shown that they are in fact interconnected. We have observed (i) that the activity of the spindle checkpoint alters the response to genotoxic stresses and (ii) that the phosphorylation state of two central components of the DNA checkpoint, Rad53 and Rad9, is modified when the spindle checkpoint is activated. We present here the characterization of these post-translational modifications along with their potential physiological significance.Chez les eucaryotes, la transmission correcte du patrimoine gĂ©nĂ©tique au cours de la division cellulaire repose en partie sur l'existence de voies de surveillance ou « checkpoints » contrĂŽlant d'une part l'intĂ©gritĂ© de l'ADN et d'autre part la rĂ©partition Ă©quitable du gĂ©nome dupliquĂ© dans les cellules-filles au cours de la mitose. Des altĂ©rations dans la machinerie de sĂ©grĂ©gation des chromosomes activent le checkpoint du fuseau mitotique, tandis que les checkpoints de l'ADN sont activĂ©s suite Ă  des lĂ©sions de l'ADN ou Ă  des dĂ©fauts de la rĂ©plication. Ces systĂšmes de surveillance contrĂŽlent de multiples rĂ©ponses dont des arrĂȘts de la progression du cycle de division cellulaire. Ces voies de surveillance sont trĂšs conservĂ©es chez les eucaryotes et des mutations affectant leurs composants sont frĂ©quemment retrouvĂ©es dans des lignĂ©es tumorales humaines.L'activation des checkpoints de l'ADN est, Ă  ce jour, assez bien apprĂ©hendĂ©e et met en jeu de nombreux Ă©vĂ©nements de phosphorylation. La reprise du cycle concomitante Ă  la dĂ©sactivation de ces checkpoints est moins bien comprise alors qu'elle constitue une Ă©tape tout aussi essentielle Ă  la survie cellulaire. Nous avons montrĂ© que la surexpression de la protĂ©ine phosphatase de type 1 Glc7 facilitait l'inactivation des checkpoints de l'ADN en cas de cassures double-brin de l'ADN chez un eucaryote modĂšle, la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Les checkpoints de l'ADN et du fuseau Ă©taient considĂ©rĂ©s comme des voies indĂ©pendantes, mais nos travaux ont montrĂ© qu'il existe des interconnections entre les deux. Nous avons observĂ© que, d'une part, l'activitĂ© du checkpoint du fuseau et ses composants influencent la rĂ©ponse au stress gĂ©notoxique, et que, d'autre part, l'Ă©tat de phosphorylation de deux composants centraux des checkpoints de l'ADN, Rad53 et Rad9, Ă©tait modifiĂ© en cas d'activation du checkpoint du fuseau. Nous prĂ©sentons ici la caractĂ©risation de ces modifications post-traductionnelles ainsi que la recherche de leurs significations physiologiques

    Etude du rÎle de la protéine phosphatase de type 1 Glc7 dans l'inactivation des mécanismes de surveillance de l'ADN et analyse des interrégulations entre le mécanisme de surveillance de l'ADN et celui du fuseau mitotique chez la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae

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    CHEZ LES EUCARYOTES, LA TRANSMISSION CORRECTE DU PATRIMOINE GÉNÉTIQUE AU COURS DE LA DIVISION CELLULAIRE REPOSE EN PARTIE SUR L EXISTENCE DE VOIES DE SURVEILLANCE OU CHECKPOINTS CONTRÔLANT D UNE PART L INTEGRITÉ DE L ADN ET D AUTRE PART LA RÉPARTITION ÉQUITABLE DU GÉNOME DANS LES CELLULES-FILLES AU COURS DE LA MITOSE. DES ALTÉRATIONS DANS LA MACHINERIE DE SÉGRÉGATION DES CHROMOSOMES ACTIVENT LE CHECKPOINT DU FUSEAU MITOTIQUE, TANDIS QUE LES CHECKPOINTS DE L ADN SONT ACTIVÉS SUITE À DES LÉSIONS DE L ADN OU À DES DÉFAUTS DE LA RÉPLICATION. CES SYSTÈMES DE SURVEILLANCE CONTRÔLENT DE MULTIPLES RÉPONSES DONT DES ARRÊTS DE LA PROGRESSION DU CYCLE DE DIVISION. CES VOIES SONT TRÈS CONSERVÉES CHEZ LES EUCARYOTES ET DES MUTATIONS AFFECTANT LEURS COMPOSANTS SONT FRÉQUEMMENT RETROUVÉES DANS DES LIGNÉES TUMORALES HUMAINES. LA REPRISE DU CYCLE CONCOMITANTE A LA DÉSACTIVATION DES CHECKPOINTS DE L ADN N EST, A CE JOUR, PAS BIEN COMPRISE ALORS QU ELLE CONSTITUE UNE ETAPE ESSENTIELLE A LA SURVIE CELLULAIRE. NOUS AVONS MONTRÉ QUE LA PROTEINE PHOSPHATASE DE TYPE 1 GLC7 EST IMPLIQUÉE DANS L INACTIVATION DES CHECKPOINTS DE L ADN EN CAS DE CASSURES DOUBLE-BRIN DE L ADN CHEZ LA LEVURE S. CEREVISIAE. LES CHECKPOINTS DE L ADN ET DU FUSEAU ETAIENT CONSIDERÉS COMME DES VOIES INDEPENDANTES, MAIS NOS TRAVAUX ONT MONTRÉ QU IL EXISTE DES INTERCONNEXIONS ENTRE LES DEUX. NOUS AVONS OBSERVÉ QUE, D UNE PART, L ACTIVITÉ DU CHECKPOINT DU FUSEAU ET SES COMPOSANTS INFLUENCENT LA RÉPONSE AUx STRESS GENOTOXIQUEs, ET QUE, D AUTRE PART, L ÉTAT DE PHOSPHORYLATION DE DEUX COMPOSANTS CENTRAUX DES CHECKPOINTS DE L ADN, RAD53 ET RAD9, ETAIT MODIFIÉ EN CAS D ACTIVATION DU CHECKPOINT DU FUSEAU.CHATENAY MALABRY-Ecole centrale (920192301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    CCR2-Dependent Recruitment of Tregs and Monocytes Following Radiotherapy Is Associated with TNFα-Mediated Resistance

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    International audienceRadiotherapy (RT) represents one of the main anticancer approaches for the treatment of solid tumors. Beyond the expected direct effects of RT on tumor cells, evidence supporting the importance of an immune response to RT is growing. The balance between RT-mediated immunogenic and tolerogenic activity is ill-defined and deserves more attention. Herein, a murine model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was used to demonstrate that RT upregulated CCL2 chemokine production in tumor cells, leading to a CCR2-dependent accumulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-producing monocytes and CCR2+ regulatory T cells (Treg). This corecruitment was associated with a TNFα-dependent activation of Tregs, dampening the efficacy of RT. Our results highlight an unexpected cross-talk between innate and adaptive immune system components and indicate CCL2/CCR2 and TNFα as potential clinical candidates to counterbalance the radioprotective action of monocyte-derived cells and Tregs, paving the way for potent combined radioimmunotherapies

    Identification of mutations in TMEM5 and ISPD as a cause of severe cobblestone lissencephaly.

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    International audienceCobblestone lissencephaly is a peculiar brain malformation with characteristic radiological anomalies. It is defined as cortical dysplasia that results when neuroglial overmigration into the arachnoid space forms an extracortical layer that produces agyria and/or a "cobblestone" brain surface and ventricular enlargement. Cobblestone lissencephaly is pathognomonic of a continuum of autosomal-recessive diseases characterized by cerebral, ocular, and muscular deficits. These include Walker-Warburg syndrome, muscle-eye-brain disease, and Fukuyama muscular dystrophy. Mutations in POMT1, POMT2, POMGNT1, LARGE, FKTN, and FKRP identified these diseases as alpha-dystroglycanopathies. Our exhaustive screening of these six genes, in a cohort of 90 fetal cases, led to the identification of a mutation in only 53% of the families, suggesting that other genes might also be involved. We therefore decided to perform a genome-wide study in two multiplex families. This allowed us to identify two additional genes: TMEM5 and ISPD. Because TMEM has a glycosyltransferase domain and ISPD has an isoprenoid synthase domain characteristic of nucleotide diP-sugar transferases, these two proteins are thought to be involved in the glycosylation of dystroglycan. Further screening of 40 families with cobblestone lissencephaly identified nonsense and frameshift mutations in another four unrelated cases for each gene, increasing the mutational rate to 64% in our cohort. All these cases displayed a severe phenotype of cobblestone lissencephaly A. TMEM5 mutations were frequently associated with gonadal dysgenesis and neural tube defects, and ISPD mutations were frequently associated with brain vascular anomalies

    Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1–based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors

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    International audienceImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis induce sustained clinical responses in a sizable minority of cancer patients. We found that primary resistance to ICIs can be attributed to abnormal gut microbiome composition. Antibiotics inhibited the clinical benefit of ICIs in patients with advanced cancer. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from cancer patients who responded to ICIs into germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice ameliorated the antitumor effects of PD-1 blockade, whereas FMT from nonresponding patients failed to do so. Metagenomics of patient stool samples at diagnosis revealed correlations between clinical responses to ICIs and the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila Oral supplementation with A. muciniphila after FMT with nonresponder feces restored the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in an interleukin-12-dependent manner by increasing the recruitment of CCR9+CXCR3+CD4+ T lymphocytes into mouse tumor beds
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