Иерархическая организация мира, интеллект и сознание

Отказ от фиксированной сложности элементов нижележащих уровней позволил показать, что с точки зрения иерархической организации неживые тела, живые организмы и сознание существуют одинаковым образом, как физическая реальность. Такие свойства сознания, как целостность, контекстность, переживание и чувствование, можно описать только с позиции физического существования, но не формальных или алгоритмических систем. Делается вывод, что сознание не может быть получено с помощью машины Тьюринга и иных вычислительных систем, основанных на формальных принципах.Відмова від фіксованої складності елементів долішніх рівней дозволили показати, що з точки зору ієрархічної організації неживі тіла, живі організми та свідомість існують однаковим чином, як фізична реальність. Такі властивості свідомості, як цілісність, контекстність, переживання та почування, можливо описати лише за позиції фізичного існування, але не формальних або алгоритмічних систем. Робиться висновок, що свідомість не може бути отримана з допомогою машини Тьюрінгу і інших обчислювальних систем, заснованих на формальних принципах.Refusal from fixed complexity of elements of underlying levels has allowed to show that from the point of view of the hierarchical organization lifeless bodies, live organisms and consciousness exist equally, as a physical reality. Such properties of consciousness as integrity, contextual, and feeling it is possible to reproduce experience only from a position of physical existence, but not formal or algorithmic systems. The conclusion becomes that the consciousness cannot be received by means of the machine of the Turing and other computing systems based on formal principles

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.Peer reviewe

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change

Earthworms promote greater richness and abundance in the emergence of plant species across a grassland-forest ecotone

International audienc

Fat but slim: Criteria of seed attractiveness for earthworms

International audienc

Using X-ray microtomography to characterize the burrowing behaviour of earthworms in heterogeneously polluted soils

International audienceLarge amounts of chemicals are released into soil environments due to human activities, thereby harming organisms and their habitats. Earthworms are important bioindicators for chemical risk assessments of soil ecosystems, but the question remains of how they respond to different patterns of pollution. Laboratory experiments in soil mesocosms were carried out to observe changes in the burrowing behaviour of two earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris) with regard to different spatial distributions of benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium and copper, using X-ray computed microtomography (μCT). This is, to our knowledge, the first contribution of μCT to study earthworm behaviour in heterogeneously multi-polluted soils. Columns (14 × 30 cm) were filled with a silt loam soil and packed to represent two scenarios of heterogeneous pollution: a) ‘binary’, containing polluted soil in the low half part and unpolluted soil on top; and b) ‘patches’, containing small portions of polluted soil randomly placed into an unpolluted matrix. Earthworms were introduced individually in the columns and left in climatic chambers for 7 weeks. μCT images revealed that earthworms avoided the polluted zones differently (e.g. A. caliginosa>L. terrestris, ‘binary’ configuration). Individuals of L. terrestris that entered polluted areas showed a lower burrowing activity (volume and length of the burrow system) than those that did not enter. The presence of ‘patches’ of polluted soil did not cause a reduction of the burrowing activity such as that found in the ‘binary’ columns, although earthworms showed avoidance. Our results indicate that pollutants had a greater effect on earthworms’ burrowing behaviour in the presence of larger portions of contaminated soil compared with small random ones. The more evident avoidance behaviour of A. caliginosa pinpoints its usefulness in toxicity bioassays based on avoidance patterns, but questions its use in assays based on bioaccumulation of pollutants in tissues, for which L. terrestris may perform better

Inoculation of an ecosystem engineer (Earthworm: Lumbricus terrestris ) during experimental grassland restoration: Consequences for above and belowground soil compartments

International audienc

India in the Oil Palm Era: Describing India’s Dependence on Palm Oil, Recommendations for Sustainable Production, and Opportunities to Become an Influential Consumer

International audienc

Seed selection by earthworms: chemical seed properties matter more than morphological traits

International audienceAims : The passage of seeds through the earthworm gut potentially damages seeds, altering seed and seedling performances depending on seed traits. This work was conducted to study to what extent chemical and morphological seed traits determine the seed attractiveness for earthworms. Methods : We tested seed selection via the ingestion and digestion of 23 grassland plant species spanning a range of 14 morphological and chemical traits by two common earthworm species: the anecic Lumbricus terrestris and the endogeic Allolobophora chlorotica. Results : Both earthworm species ingested seeds from all plant species. A. chlorotica digested almost all ingested seeds (out of the 15 % ingested), whereas L. terrestris excreted them in varying quantities (out of the 86 % ingested), depending on plant species identity. Seed ingestion rate by L. terrestris was driven by seed oil content and earthworm initial weight. The apparent effect of seed length was explained via seed oil content. Seed digestion rate by L. terrestris was negatively impacted by seed size. Seed ingestion rate by A. chlorotica tended to be impacted by seed protein content and seed length. Conclusion : Earthworms–seed interactions depend on a variety of seed traits and earthworm identity. Thus, earthworms, via their specific feeding behavior, might facilitate or impede the regeneration of certain plant species and drive plant communities

L'utilisation des vers de terre comme outils de restauration écologique de prairies humides (Yville Sur Seine) : conséquences pour les communautés épigées et endogés

International audienc