Rapeseed and milk protein exhibit a similar overall nutritional value but marked difference in postprandial regional nitrogen utilization in rats

Background: Rapeseed is an emerging and promising source of dietary protein for human nutrition and health. We previously found that rapeseed protein displayed atypical nutritional properties in humans, characterized by low bioavailability and a high postprandial biological value. The objective of the present study was to investigate the metabolic fate of rapeseed protein isolate (RPI) and its effect on protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR) in various tissues when compared to a milk protein isolate (MPI). Methods: Rats (n = 48) were given a RPI or MPI meal, either for the first time or after 2-week adaptation to a MPI or RPI-based diet. They were divided in two groups for measuring the fed-state tissue FSR 2 h after the meal (using a flooding dose of (13)C-valine) and the dietary N postprandial distribution at 5 h (using (15)N-labeled meals). Results: RPI and MPI led to similar FSR and dietary nitrogen (N) losses (ileal and deamination losses of 4% and 12% of the meal, respectively). By contrast, the dietary N incorporation was significantly higher in the intestinal mucosa and liver (+36% and +16%, respectively) and lower in skin (-24%) after RPI than MPI. Conclusions: Although RPI and MPI led to the same overall level of postprandial dietary N retention in rats (in line with our findings in humans), this global response conceals marked qualitative differences at the tissue level regarding dietary N accretion. The fact that FSR did not however differed between groups suggest a differential modulation of proteolysis after RPI or MPI ingestion, or other mechanisms that warrant further study

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10-20), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10-13), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10-16) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10-5). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10-3) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10-3). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3′-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P = 9.2 x 10(-20)), ER-negative BC (P = 1.1 x 10(-13)), BRCA1-associated BC (P = 7.7 x 10(-16)) and triple negative BC (P-diff = 2 x 10(-5)). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P = 2 x 10(-3)) and ABHD8 (PPeer reviewe

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Influence d'une supplémentation en monosodium glutamate sur la physiologie gastro-intestinale et le métabolisme chez le rat et l'Homme

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used worldwide as a flavour enhancer for it unique taste called "umami". As reported in literature, glutamate receptors are present in peripheric tissues and so L-glutamate as free amino acid could exert some physiologic functions. We have assessed the effects of MSG supplementation on gastrointestinal physiology, pancreatic secretion and metabolism in the rat model and in healthy humans. In rats; 2%-MSG supplementation during 15 days decreased glutaminase activity in intestinal mucosa and increased circulating glutamine concentration and transiently insulinemia. But no effect of MSG was observed on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit despite glutamate accumulation in stomach during 5h and in small intestine during 1h after the meal. In healthy humans, 2g-MSG supplementation during 7 days increased the antral area of stomach 2h after the meal compared to NaCl. It was associated with an increase of circulating glutamate, leucine, isoleucine, cysteine, tyrosine, ornithine and serine concentrations. However, this increase of stomach antral area was not associated with an effect on gastric emptying; as no effect of MSG was recorded on dietary nitrogen incorporation. Hormonal response (insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1) was also not modified. Finally hunger and satiation state measured by visual analogic scales were not influenced by MSG supplementation. MSG effect on gastric secretion as determinant for antral distension increase without effect on gastric emptying is discussed as well as possible sparing effect of glutamate on some amino acid catabolism by intestine. These results have allowed to highlight some metabolic and physiological effects of MSG supplementation without measured deleterious effect. Additional studies are needed in order to better understand MSG mechanism of action.Le glutamate de sodium (MSG) est un exhausteur de goût abondamment utilisé dans le monde entier pour son goût unique appelé " umami ". Au vu des données bibliographiques qui suggèrent que, le L-glutamate en tant qu'acide aminé libre peut représenter un signal dans plusieurs fonctions physiologiques de par la présence de récepteurs au glutamate au niveau périphérique ; nous avons étudié les effets d'une supplémentation en MSG sur la physiologie gastro-intestinale, les sécrétions pancréatiques et le métabolisme dans le modèle expérimental rat et chez des volontaires sains. Chez le rat, une supplémentation en MSG pendant 15 jours à hauteur de 2 g pour 100 g d'aliment provoquait une diminution de l'activité glutaminase intestinale et une augmentation de la concentration circulante de glutamine ainsi qu'une augmentation transitoire de l'insulinémie. Par contre, aucun effet sur la vidange gastrique et le transit gastro-intestinal n'a été observé malgré une accumulation de glutamate pendant 5 h dans l'estomac et pendant 1 h dans l'intestin grêle après le repas. Chez le volontaire sain, une supplémentation en MSG à hauteur de 2 g par jour pendant 7 jours entraînait une augmentation de l'aire antrale de l'estomac pendant 2 h après le repas par rapport à une dose iso-sodée de NaCl. Cette phase précoce postprandiale était associée à une augmentation des concentrations circulantes d'acide glutamique, de leucine, d'isoleucine, de cystéine, de tyrosine, d'ornithine et de sérine. Cependant, l'augmentation de l'aire antrale de l'estomac n'était apparemment pas associée à un effet sur la vidange gastrique puisque le MSG était sans effet sur le devenir de l'azote alimentaire. La réponse hormonale (insuline, GLP-1 et ghréline) n'est pas non plus modifiée. Enfin, les sensations de faim et de satiété mesurées par échelles analogiques visuelles n'étaient pas non plus influencées par la consommation de MSG. L'effet du MSG sur les sécrétions gastriques en tant que déterminant de l'augmentation de la distension antrale sans modification de la vidange gastrique est discuté ainsi qu'un éventuel effet d'épargne du glutamate sur le catabolisme de certains acides aminés par l'intestin. Ces résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence des effets d'une supplémentation en MSG sur des paramètres métaboliques et physiologiques sans effet délétère mesuré. D'autres études sont nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'action du MSG

Les Etats-Unis et la Cour pénale internationale : Analyse des positions adoptées par les différentes administrations américaines de Bill Clinton à Donald Trump

Depuis la fin de la Seconde guerre mondiale, les Etats-Unis se sont fortement impliqués dans la mise en place d’une justice internationale, et notamment dans l’élaboration d’une juridiction pénale internationale. Cependant, lors de l’entrée en vigueur du Statut de Rome instaurant la Cour pénale internationale, en 2002, ils ont subitement fait marche arrière. Ils ont alors commencé une lutte contre cette institution, mettant tout en œuvre pour assurer une immunité aux citoyens américains. Cette période d’hostilité s’est achevée en même temps que le mandat de George Bush. Depuis, nous avons pu voir une nette amélioration dans les relations entre la Cour et les USA. Ce mémoire de synthèse vise à retracer la position des Etats-Unis, de la création de la Cour pénale internationale jusqu’à nos jours. L'objectif est d’essayer de dégager les éléments permettant d’expliquer les divers revirements qui ont eu lieu dans la politique américaine, à l’égard de la Cour, ainsi que les conséquences qui ont découlé de cette politique.Master [120] en sciences politiques, orientation relations internationales, Université catholique de Louvain, 201

Supplementation with Whey Protein, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Polyphenols Combined with Electrical Muscle Stimulation Increases Muscle Strength in Elderly Adults with Limited Mobility: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Age-related sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with adverse outcomes. Herein, we evaluate the effects of a combination of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and a whey-based nutritional supplement (with or without polyphenols and fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acids) on muscle function and size. Free-living elderly participants with mobility limitations were included in this study. They received 2 sessions of EMS per week and were randomly assigned to ingest an isocaloric beverage and capsules for 12 weeks: (1) carbohydrate + placebo capsules (CHO, n = 12), (2) whey protein isolate + placebo capsules (WPI, n = 15) and (3) whey protein isolate + bioactives (BIO) capsules containing omega-3 fatty acids, rutin, and curcumin (WPI + BIO, n = 10). The change in knee extension strength was significantly improved by 13% in the WPI + BIO group versus CHO on top of EMS, while WPI alone did not provide a significant benefit over CHO. On top of this, there was the largest improvement in gait speed (8%). The combination of EMS and this specific nutritional intervention could be considered as a new approach for the prevention of sarcopenia but more work is needed before this approach should be recommended. This trial was registered at the Japanese University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) clinical trial registry (UMIN000008382)