Structural Studies of West Nile Virus in Complex with Neutralizing Antibodies.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive strand RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae, which includes members such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever and Hepatitis C. As with other members of the genus, it is arthropod transmitted and has recently established itself as an endemic virus in the United States. Although most infections are asymptomatic, clinical manifestations of WNV include encephalitis and death. We have been interested in investigating the nature of the immune response with particular emphasis on the role of antibodies in reducing the level of infection. We have used a combination of techniques, but primarily structure, as a tool to probe the nature of antibody-mediated virus neutralization. Our results suggest that neutralization of virus particles is more complex than originally envisioned, with multiple mechanisms utilized. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, several virus-antibody complexes have been determined at pseudo-atomic resolution. These studies suggest the following: 1) flavivirus particles exhibit dynamic motions or breathing that transiently expose cryptic epitopes; 2) although there are 180 potential binding sites for each monoclonal antibody the quasi-equivalent nature of the virion usually permits only a subset of sites to be utilized; 3) the availability of these sites, the epitope itself, and the avidity of antibody directly influence the mechanism of neutralization; and 4) particles thought to be incapable of infecting cells, so-called immature viruses, may play a critical role in immune surveillance and reactivity. The structure of the flavivirus virion and complexes of monoclonal antibodies will be presented along with data to support mechanisms antibody-mediated flavivirus neutralizatio

Directing film techniques and aesthetics

Buku ini menjelaskan tentang prosedur penggunaan analogi, latihan, perasaan, penilaian, dan teknik yang dibutuhkan sutradara untuk mengetahui pengalaman menuntut dan mempesona dalam mempraktikkan kerajinan Menggunakan kamera dan komputer digital, pemula sekarang dapat melakukan eksperimen dengan biaya rendah, Berimprovisasi, selesaikan masalah secara kolaboratif dengan pemain dan kru, revisi solusi sebelumnya, dan perlakukan krisis sebagai peluang terselubung. Pendekatan gerilya seperti ini - umum dalam dokumenter namun asing dengan norma berbasis biaya dari industri fitur - berarti Anda diberdayakan sebagai anggaran rendah yang independen untuk menghasilkan kreativitas terdepan

Articulating consumers through practices of vernacular creativity

The paper discusses the constitution of the consuming subject in lifestyle practices of belonging and difference, taste and choice in the material circumstances of everyday living. It considers how lived moments of mundane activity can be understood, not simply as sites of social reproduction and unknowing regulation, but as fields of invention, transformation and reflexive struggle. In particular we unpack the contribution to be gleaned from a thoughtful return to De Certeau et al. (1998), a theorist of practice whose lucidly insightful works, we claim, remain largely silenced within contemporary debates over the turn to practice in consumer research (Schau et al., 2009 H.J. Schau, A. Muniz and E. Arnould, How brand community practices create value. Journal of Marketing, 73 September (2009), pp. 30–51. Schau, Muniz, & Arnould, 2009). It is argued that current conceptions of practice within management and marketing find themselves corralled by the authoritative legacy of the works of [Bourdieu, 1977] , [Bourdieu, 1984] and [Bourdieu, 1990] which has the effect of marginalizing other traditions of practice theorising: here consumption practices are formatted into logics of rational calculation. We suggest that the work of de Certeau offers an alternative to reductive discursive accountings, revealing the emergent and material character of mundane sense and deed, where the ordinary is figured as the realm par excellence of improvised vernacular consumption practices. In seeking to repair mechanistic underpinnings by linking practices and structure in the everyday lifestyle work of consumers, we hope to turn our gaze towards the moral and political character of that which practice theory calls forth. Born of necessity such practice laughs in the face of Bourdieu's dismissal of the ‘choice of necessity’