FEDERAL PROCEDURE-APPEAL UNDER FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG & COSMETIC ACT--SCOPE OF ADMIRALTY APPEAL COMPARED WITH APPEAL UNDER THE NEW FEDERAL RULES

Appellee, the United States government, by a proceeding in rem, sought to condemn two shipments of canned oysters packed by appellant, the C. C. Company, under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, on the ground that the oysters were wholly or partially decomposed. The district court found for the appellee on conflicting evidence of experts, and appellant appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. On the theory that procedure on appeal should conform to appeals in admiralty, the circuit court of appeals reviewed the whole case de novo, reversed the district court on the ground that, while there was substantial evidence to warrant the findings of the trial court, the government had not proved its case by clear and convincing evidence as required in forfeiture cases. On rehearing, it was pointed out that the procedure on appeal for these cases should conform to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and on this basis, the court held that since the district court\u27s findings of fact were not clearly erroneous they must be affirmed. C. C. Company v. United States, (C.C.A. 5th, 1945) 147 F. (2d) 820

Comportamento sperimentale di cuscinetti portanti lubrificati operanti a bassi numeri di Sommerfeld

In questa memoria viene descritto il comportamento sperimentale di un cuscinetto cilindrico portante lubrificato in condizioni di funzionamento critiche, ovvero a velocità di rotazione molto basse ed in presenza di elevata pressione specifica. Il cuscinetto utilizzato ha diametro nominale di 160 mm e lunghezza pari a 145 mm. La velocità di rotazione considerata è pari a 60 rpm (1 Hz), mentre i carichi applicati in direzione verticale variano da 20 kN a 350 kN, il che corrisponde a numeri di Sommerfeld variabili tra 0,1314 e 0,0086. Verranno presentati e discussi i dati ottenuti per la posizione di equilibrio statico, per la pressione idrodinamica, per la distribuzione di temperatura e per i coefficienti di rigidezza e smorzamento dinamici

Numerical Evaluation of Alford Forces Acting on an Axial Expander for Supercritical CO2 Application

Nowadays, supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycles are of great interest in the scientific research especially considering the energy transition that is occurring. The S-CO2 high density and relatively low viscosity make it an interesting fluid for power generation. For large heat sources, large flowrates of fluid can be obtained. Therefore, the development of axial flow expanders can allow large power generations. In the presence of rotor eccentricities, the aerodynamic loading of free-standing blades is not constant tangentially and will promote the lateral vibration of the rotor. The dynamic phenomenon that arises is known as Thomas-Alford force. The Thomas-Alford force determines an increase of the vibration level of the machine and a higher risk of instabilities. In this paper, a preliminary investigation of a S-CO2 axial expander stage is performed. Different correlations proposed in the literature are adopted to estimate the magnitude of the Thomas-Alford force. A mono-dimensional code and a simplified computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model are adopted to obtain the parameters of the stage considered. In this preliminary investigation, only free-standing blades are considered. The results obtained show a good agreement between 1D and CFD inputs required by the different correlation used. Despite this, the cross coupled stiffness calculated are widely dependent on the correlation used; then, this study can be considered as the starting point for more detailed investigations validating the correlations behavior in this environment through an unsteady CFD and/or a proper test campaign

Childhood conditions influence adult progesterone levels

Background Average profiles of salivary progesterone in women vary significantly at the inter- and intrapopulation level as a function of age and acute energetic conditions related to energy intake, energy expenditure, or a combination of both. In addition to acute stressors, baseline progesterone levels differ among populations. The causes of such chronic differences are not well understood, but it has been hypothesised that they may result from varying tempos of growth and maturation and, by implication, from diverse environmental conditions encountered during childhood and adolescence. Methods and Findings To test this hypothesis, we conducted a migrant study among first- and second-generation Bangladeshi women aged 19–39 who migrated to London, UK at different points in the life-course, women still resident in Bangladesh, and women of European descent living in neighbourhoods similar to those of the migrants in London (total n = 227). Data collected included saliva samples for radioimmunoassay of progesterone, anthropometrics, and information from questionnaires on diet, lifestyle, and health. Results from multiple linear regression, controlled for anthropometric and reproductive variables, show that women who spend their childhood in conditions of low energy expenditure, stable energy intake, good sanitation, low immune challenges, and good health care in the UK have up to 103% higher levels of salivary progesterone and an earlier maturation than women who develop in less optimal conditions in Sylhet, Bangladesh (F9,178 = 5.05, p < 0.001, standard error of the mean = 0.32; adjusted R2 = 0.16). Our results point to the period prior to puberty as a sensitive phase when changes in environmental conditions positively impact developmental tempos such as menarcheal age (F2,81 = 3.21, p = 0.03) and patterns of ovarian function as measured using salivary progesterone (F2,81 = 3.14, p = 0.04). Conclusions This research demonstrates that human females use an extended period of the life cycle prior to reproductive maturation to monitor their environment and to modulate reproductive steroid levels in accordance with projected conditions they might encounter as adults. Given the prolonged investment of human pregnancy and lactation, such plasticity (extending beyond any intrauterine programming) enables a more flexible and finely tuned adjustment to the potential constraints or opportunities of the later adult environment. This research is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate a postuterine developmental component to variation in reproductive steroid levels in women

Understanding parents’ school travel choices: A qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Traffic related air pollution is detrimental to health and creates a substantial attributable mortality burden. It is suggested that a shift from motorised transport to active forms of travel will therefore have significant health benefits. Currently 46% of school journeys for primary aged children are made by car and this figure has risen steadily. Understanding barriers to active school travel (AST) is an important first step in developing behavioural interventions to increase active travel. The purpose of this study was to explore parents’ experiences of school travel and their choices regarding travel mode with a focus on identifying barriers and facilitators to AST. Twenty parents of primary school children (4–12 years) in the West Yorkshire region took part in semi-structured interviews regarding school travel, informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Framework Analysis was used to identify key themes in the data and to develop a comprehensive picture of parents’ experiences of school travel at both individual and structural levels. Distance was the biggest barrier to AST. Time constraints were reported as the main barrier to parents accompanying children in AST, while concerns about safety deterred parents from allowing children to travel independently. The need to incorporate multiple jouneys, such as the work commute and/or multiple school drop-offs, placed demands on parents’ time, while difficulty getting children into local schools meant further to travel for a number of parents. Findings suggest that interventions to promote AST may be particularly effective if tailored towards working parents. However, also addressing factors such as distance to school and school travel at a policy level may produce more significant shifts in behaviour

Towards a university of the common: reimagining the university in order to abolish it with the Really Open University

The autumn of 2010, in the UK, was characterised by a series of protests against the proposed tripling of university tuition fees and the removal of the Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA). These protests were set within a broader international background of contestation around universities and higher education reforms. The focus of this article lies on the activities of a group, which emerged within this context, called the Really Open University (ROU), and its efforts to engender a reimagining of the university. Specifically, this paper argues that the activities of the ROU were attempts to create new, radical imaginaries of the university and were linked to broader efforts to re-conceptualise knowledge production and pedagogy. The central point is that ultimately the ROU’s invitation to ‘reimagine the university’ was a provocation to abolish the university in its capitalist form, through a process of reimagining the university, exodus from the university machine and creating of a university of the common

Disordered eating behaviour is associated with blunted cortisol and cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress

Research suggests a potential dysregulation of the stress response in individuals with bulimia nervosa. This study measured both cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to a standardised laboratory stress task in individuals identified as showing disordered eating behaviour to determine whether dysregulation of the stress response is characteristic of the two branches of the stress response system. Female students (N = 455) were screened using two validated eating disorder questionnaires. Twelve women with disordered eating, including self-induced vomiting, and 12 healthy controls were selected for laboratory stress testing. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity, via Doppler imaging and semi-automatic blood pressure monitoring, were measured at resting baseline and during and after exposure to a 10-min mental arithmetic stress task. Compared to controls the disordered eating group showed blunted cortisol, cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume reactions to the acute stress, as well as an attenuated vasodilatory reaction. These effects could not be accounted for in terms of group differences in stress task performance, subjective task impact/engagement, age, BMI, neuroticism, cardiorespiratory fitness, or co-morbid exercise dependence. Our findings suggest that disordered eating is characterised by a dysregulation of the autonomic stress-response system. As such, they add further weight to the general contention that blunted stress reactivity is characteristic of a number of maladaptive behaviours and states

Remaking the material fabric of the city: 'Alternative' low carbon spaces of transformation or continuity?

©.This article is about re-making the material fabric of the city and the role that space plays in this. There are many ways of understanding the remaking of the city, including a range of often diverse 'alternative' initiatives which are enacted by neighbourhood, voluntary and civil society groups. We address the construction of 'alternative' urban low carbon spaces and whether these result in transformation of or continuity with dominant ways of thinking about remaking the city. Drawing on examples in Greater Manchester, UK, the article argues that, often despite the intention to promote forms of localist values and strategies as alternatives to dominant accounts of remaking the city, the hand of dominant and particularly state interests is critical in shaping 'alternative' spaces and strategies. This tension - between dominant and alternative - is illustrated through a five-fold typology of the role of space in alternative strategies of remaking the city

Micro-resilience and justice: co-producing narratives of change

Significant lessons can be drawn from grassroots’ experiences of self-organizing to challenge the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities in cities. This paper examines the strategies of low-income dwellers living in squatted buildings in São Paulo, Brazil, and asks how resilience narratives can help one understand the agency of these micro-strategies across multiple scales. The city centre of São Paulo is a key site for housing movements to challenge spatial injustice in Brazil. In a context where housing for low-income groups is in short supply and characterized by highly skewed social and spatial distribution, squatted buildings have emerged since the 1990s as laboratories for alternative ways of producing the city. The paper draws from an action-research project investigating such occupations in São Paulo. Firstly, it explores the practices of individual and groups inhabiting a building known as Ocupação Marconi, focusing on its social production as a device for co-producing local resilience from the micro-scale. Secondly, it reflects on which forms of knowledge production might allow for putting such practices into focus, interrogating participatory action research as a means to facilitate resilience at scale