New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

La fabrication des territoires mapuche au Chili de 1884 à nos jours (communautés, connaissances et État)

Cette thèse traite des conditions d'émergence de la territorialité mapuche depuis la fin du XIXe siècle à nos jours, dans le contexte de l'incorporation de ce peuple autochtone à la nation chilienne. Elle met en exergue les pratiques des acteurs qui, dans les différentes configurations historiques et sociales, ont contribué à transformer les demandes foncières formulées par des paysans métis en des revendications territoriales au nom du peuple Mapuche. L'histoire des communautés de Toltén, croisée avec celle des organisations Mapuche et des politiques publiques, met en lumière les processus locaux et globaux de reconstruction territoriale. Celle-ci se caractérise par une métamorphose des reducciones fondées à la fin du XIXe siècle en des agrégats sociopolitiques que l'on pensait disparus. Plus qu'une réalité physique bien délimitée et figée dans le temps et l'espace, le territoire mapuche s'avère être un puissant métarécit, porteur de subjéctivité et d'affectivité, qui le rend réel pour un grand nombre de personnes luttant aujourd'hui en son nom. Dans le contexte du multiculturalisme chilien, la territorialité mapuche est devenue un véritable champs de lutte de classements et de classifications investi par une diversité d'acteurs. La place centrale occupée par la mise en récit réflexive des différentes étapes du travail d'enquête fait de cette thèse à la fois un outil de compréhension des transformations de la territorialité mapuche, et un outil de réflexion sur les conditions d'une pratique d'une ethnographie historicisée et politisée des conflits sociaux.This thesis explores the conditions that led to the emergence of Mapuche territory from the late 19th century to the present day, through the incorporation of this indigenous population within the Chilean nation. It puts forth the practices of actors who, within different historical and social contexts, helped transform claims to land from Mapuche-Chilean peasnats, into territorial claims in the name of the Mapuche people. The history of the Tolten communities, looked at alongside that of Mapuche organisations and public policy, illustrates the local and global processes of territorial reconstruction, characterized by a metamorphosis of the reducciones, founded in the late 19th century, into socio-political aggregates believed to have disappeared. More than a well-delimitated physical reality, fixed in time and space, Mapuche territory appears as powerful meta-history, which makes it real to a great number of people fighting in its name today. Within the multi-cultural context of Chile, Mapuche territory has become a true battlefield where arrahgements and classifications are concerned, since a great variety of people are invested. because reflection upon the various stages of this investigative work occupies a central place in this research, this thesis leads us both to comprehend the transformations in the notion of Mapuche territory, and to reflect on how to practice historical and political ethnography concerning social conflicts.PARIS-Médiathèque MQB (751132304) / SudocPARIS-Fondation MSH (751062301) / SudocSudocFranceF