Ciclo reproductivo en dos bancos de Modiolus capax (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) a diferente profundidad en la Ensenada de La Paz, Golfo de California, México

Background. The mussel Modiolus capax is a commercially important resource in the northwest of Mexico; however few studies evaluate its reproduction. Goals.  The reproductive activity and the gonadosomatic index of were used to describe the seasonal variations in the reproductive cycle of the M. capax and the relationship with the environmental changes. Methods. Approximately 24 specimens were collected per month in two localities at La Paz inlet, Baja California Sur, Mexico, between October 2008 and December 2010. Relationships between gonad developmental states and size were estimated; also, its relationships with temperature and chlorophyll-a. Results. The results indicated a synchronous spawning between males and females in March in one locality and in January in the other. In both localities, ripe and post-spawning females showed follicular atresia, in up to 82% of all females in one locality. The smallest organisms were found in the early gametogenesis stage; the largest, in the spawning stage. The gonadosomatic index differed between localities, and was positively correlated with the increase in chlorophyll-a. A significant relationship was observed between temperature and the frequencies of the gametogenesis and ripening stages. Conclusions. The study of the reproduction of M. capax revealed that environmental changes affect on the activity and reproductive status and favored the development of follicular atresia.  Antecedentes: El mejillón Modiolus capax es una especie de importancia comercial en el noroeste de México; sin embargo existen pocos trabajos que evalúan su reproducción. Objetivos: Comparar el ciclo reproductivo de M. capax en dos bancos ubicados a diferentes profundidades en la Ensenada de La Paz, B.C.S., México, y sus relaciones con las variables ambientales. La talla de primera madurez (L50) se estimó utilizando un modelo logístico para obtener el valor de longitud en el que el 50% de la población se encuen­tran maduros. Métodos: Se recolectaron aproximadamente 25 (± 4.5) especímenes, entre octubre de 2008 y diciembre de 2010, en un banco poco profundo de la zona intermareal (Banco A) y 23 (± 4) en un banco superficial profundo (Banco B). El tamaño en la primera madurez sexual (L50) se estimó utilizando un modelo logístico para obtener el tamaño en un 50% de madurez. Las evaluaciones mensuales de la información bio­lógica individual se complementaron con el análisis histológico de las gónadas, en diferentes momentos del ciclo reproductivo. Se estimó la relación entre los estadios de desarrollo gonadal y el índice gonadosomático, también su relación con la temperatura y la clorofila. Resultados: Los resultados indican que ocurrió un pico de desove en marzo (Banco A) y en enero en el otro (Banco B). En ambas localidades, las hembras maduras y en post-desove presentaron atresia folicular, hasta el 82% en el banco B. La L50 fue de 74.12 mm para el banco A y 71.74 mm para el B. El índice gonadosomático difirió entre bancos y se correlacionó positivamente con el aumento de clorofila-a (Banco A). Se observó una relación negativa significativa entre la temperatura y el estadio de madurez (Banco A). Conclusiones: El estudio de la reproducción de M. capax reveló que los bancos analizados presentan una periodicidad reproductiva diferente y que los cambios ambientales afectan la actividad reproductiva, favorecieron el desarrollo de atresia folicular

Biología reproductiva de la medusa bola de cañón Stomolophus meleagris en la laguna Las Guásimas, Sonora, México

This paper describes basic aspects of the reproductive biology of the medusa phase of Stomolophus meleagris. From January to May 2006, 34 individuals were collected every month, in Las Guásimas Lagoon, Sonora, México. Specimens were weighed and measured; their gonads were removed and processed following the standard histological hematoxylin-eosin staining technique. The gonad development of both males and females was continuous and had four phases. Sex ratio was 1:1 and no significant differences were detected between males and females in length or weight. .Reproductive activity was present from February to May, whereas the maximum maturation in both sexes occurred in April to May. Gonadic maturation and reproduction were related to the gradual increase of temperature and chlorophyll a.Este trabajo describe aspectos de la biología reproductiva de la fase medusa de Stomolophus meleagris. Durante el periodo de enero a mayo de 2006, se recolectaron 34 ejemplares cada mes, en la laguna Las Guásimas, Sonora. Los ejemplares fueron pesados y medidos. Sus gónadas fueron retiradas y procesadas siguiendo la técnica de tinción estándar con hematoxilina eosina. El desarrollo gonádico de machos y hembras se caracterizó por ser continuo y tener cuatro fases. La proporción sexual fue 1:1 y no se detectaron diferencias significativas entre machos y hembras en cuanto a su longitud y peso. La actividad reproductiva se presentó entre febrero y mayo, mientras que la maduración máxima en ambos sexos ocurrió en abril y mayo. La maduración gonadal y la reproducción se relacionaron con el aumento progresivo de la temperatura y clorofila

The Photometric Properties of Isolated Early-Type Galaxies

Isolated galaxies are important since they probe the lowest density regimes inhabited by galaxies. We define a sample of 36 nearby isolated early-type galaxies for further study. Our isolation criteria require them to have no comparable-mass neighbours within 2 B-band magnitudes, 0.67 Mpc in the plane of the sky and 700 km/s in recession velocity. New wide-field optical imaging of 10 isolated galaxies with the Anglo-Australian Telescope confirms their early-type morphology and relative isolation. We also present imaging of 4 galaxy groups as a control sample. The isolated galaxies are shown to be more gravitationally isolated than the group galaxies. We find that the isolated early-type galaxies have a mean effective colour of (B-R)_e = 1.54 +/- 0.14, similar to their high-density counterparts. They reveal a similar colour-magnitude relation slope and small intrinsic scatter to cluster ellipticals. They also follow the Kormendy relation of surface brightness versus size for luminous cluster galaxies. Such properties suggest that the isolated galaxies formed at a similar epoch to cluster galaxies, such that the bulk of their stars are very old. However, our galaxy modelling reveals evidence for dust lanes, plumes, shells, boxy and disk isophotes in four out of nine galaxies. Thus at least some isolated galaxies have experienced a recent merger/accretion event which may have induced a small burst of star formation. We derive luminosity functions for the isolated galaxies and find a faint slope of -1.2, which is similar to the `universal' slope found in a wide variety of environments. We examine the number density distribution of galaxies in the field of the isolated galaxies.Comment: 16 pages, Latex, 17 figures, 6 tables, MNRAS in pres

Segurança Hídrica, Riscos e Conflitos na Instalação de Usinas Hidrelétricas: A Experiência de Comunidades Vulneráveis na Amazônia / Water Security, Risks and Conflicts in the Installation of Hydroelectric Plants: the Experience of Vulnerable Communities in the Amazon Region

A noção de Segurança Hídrica tem sido comumente adotada como a disponibilidade de água segura para pessoas, ecossistemas e iniciativa econômica. Neste âmbito, a dimensão dos conflitos tem sido emergente na Amazônia, em especial entre poder público, usinas hidrelétricas, comunidades e defensores dos ecossistemas, no qual o lado mais prejudicado é quase sempre o dos mais vulneráveis. O objetivo central deste trabalho é analisar experiências de indígenas e ribeirinhos, no contexto da segurança hídrica, riscos e conflitos decorrentes da instalação de usinas hidrelétricas na Amazônia. A abordagem e o método utilizados são de inspiração fenomenológica, cujo objeto são os sentidos atribuídos à experiência vivida. Como fontes de evidência, foram investigados 16 estudos acadêmicos sobre os impactos das hidrelétricas nas experiências de comunidades indígenas e ribeirinhas, no contexto da segurança e do risco. Os resultados nos mostram que no processo de instalação de usinas hidrelétricas os territórios indígenas e das comunidades ribeirinhas vivenciam um processo de violência similar ao período de ocupação portuguesa, resultando em um sentido de morte na capacidade de reprodução sociocultural dos vulneráveis, o que finda por gerar ao país uma perda irreparável em seu patrimônio imaterial.

Polarity specific effects of cross-hemispheric tDCS coupled with approach-avoidance training on chocolate craving

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) has already been shown to decrease craving for food. However, it remains unclear whether a single session of tDCS combined with a cognitive bias modification (CBM) task may affect explicit and implicit measures of craving for chocolate. Fifty-one healthy volunteers (38 females; mean age: 22.12 +/- 3.38) were randomly allocated to CBM training based on the Approach Avoidance task and either Sham, Right anodal-Left cathodal (RALC), or Left anodal-Right cathodal (LARC) tDCS. Results show that there was an increase in the explicit craving for chocolate, as assessed by the Visual Analog Scale [F(2, 46) = 3.239, p = 0.048], from the baseline to post-intervention. Participants which received LARC tDCS were explicitly self-reporting more craving for chocolate than those that received RALC tDCS (p = 0.023). Moreover, this effect was also observed on the implicit measure [F(2, 46) = 4.168, p = 0.022]. LARC tDCS significantly increased the implicit preference for chocolate when comparing to both RALC (p = 0.009) and Sham tDCS (p = 0.034). Previous studies have shown that RALC tDCS over the PFC is able to effectively decrease craving for food. Interestingly, the present data not only does not reproduce such result, but instead it suggests that LARC tDCS can actually increase the preference for chocolate. This result is compatible with recent models of brain laterality, in which cue craving seems to be more dependent on the left hemisphere. Thus, shifting the activity to the left hemisphere (while simultaneously reducing the activity over the homotopic region) may have led to this increased implicit as well as explicit preference for chocolate.This work was partially supported by Funded with National Funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and co-funded through COMPETE 2020 - PO Competitividade e Internacionalizacao/Portugal 2020/Uniao Europeia, FEDER (Fundos Europeus Estruturais e de Investimento - FEEI) under the number: PTDC/PSI-ESP/30280/2017. SC was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) with the Grant IF/00091/2015 and under FCT and COMPETE 2020 (PTDC/PSI-ESP/29701/2017). JL was funded also through FCT and COMPETE (P2020-PTDC/MHC-PCN/3950/2014) and from an internal grant from Portucalense University

Kinetic and thermodynamic investigation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis fed-batch cultivation in a tubular photobioreactor using urea as nitrogen source

BACKGROUND: Fed-batch culture allows the cultivation of Arthrospira platensis using urea as nitrogen source. Tubular photobioreactors substantially increase cell growth, but the successful use of this cheap nitrogen source requires a knowledge of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the process. This work aims at identifying the effect of two independent variables, temperature (T) and urea daily molar flow-rate (U), on cell growth, biomass composition and thermodynamic parameters involved in this photosynthetic cultivation. RESULTS: The optimal values obtained were T = 32 degrees C and U = 1.16 mmol L-1 d-1, under which the maximum cell concentration was 4186 +/- 39 mg L-1, cell productivity 541 +/- 5 mg L-1 d-1 and yield of biomass on nitrogen 14.3 +/- 0.1 mg mg-1. Applying an Arrhenius-type approach, the thermodynamic parameters of growth (?H* = 98.2 kJ mol-1; ?S* = - 0.020 kJ mol-1 K-1; ?G* = 104.1 kJ mol-1) and its thermal inactivation (Delta H-D(0) =168.9 kJ mol-1; Delta S-D(0) = 0.459 kJ mol-1 K-1; Delta G(D)(0) =31.98 kJ mol-1) were estimated. CONCLUSIONS: To maximize cell growth T and U were simultaneously optimized. Biomass lipid content was not influenced by the experimental conditions, while protein content was dependent on both independent variables. Using urea as nitrogen source prevented the inhibitory effect already observed with ammonium salts. Copyright (c) 2012 Society of Chemical IndustryCNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico), Sao Paulo-BrazilCNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico), Sao PauloBrazi

Temperatura óptima y temperatura letal superior en dos poblaciones de juveniles de ostión japonés Crassostrea gigas.

impreso y digita

Fecundidad de la medusa Stomolophus meleagris (Rhizostomeae: Stomolophidae) en el Golfo de California Stomolophus meleagris fecundity (Rhizostomeae: Stomolophidae) in the Gulf of California

La medusa Stomolophus meleagris es considerada un recurso pesquero de alto valor comercial. Debido a la relevancia de conocer aspectos de importancia biológica actualmente desconocidos, el presente trabajo analiza la fecundidad con base en la estimación del número de ovocitos vitelogénicos en la gónada; su relación con la longitud, diámetro y peso húmedo; y la relación del índice gonadosomático (IGS) con su diámetro y longitud. De enero a mayo 2006 se recolectaron 30 ejemplares mensuales que fueron medidos y pesados, de los cuales se analizaron 60 hembras maduras para calcular el volumen de sus gónadas. Se extrajeron las gónadas, se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina y se seleccionaron las hembras con madurez gonadal. Mediante la digitalización de imágenes se estimó el número de ovocitos vitelogénicos y previtelogénicos. Se emplearon datos de captura en Las Guásimas para el análisis de reclutamiento poblacional, estimado con FISAT II. La fecundidad se incrementó con la longitud, el diámetro y el peso húmedo total. La menor fecundidad se observó en febrero y la mayor en mayo (11 873 071 y 37 528 197 millones de ovocitos vitelogénico por gónada, respectivamente). El IGS se incrementó con la longitud y diámetro de los ejemplares, con su máximo en mayo de 3.7%. Se observó una producción continua de ovocitos previtelogénicos en todo el periodo de recolecta. El máximo reclutamiento se observó en julio y noviembre (37.50% y 28.01% respectivamente). La alta fecundidad encontrada en S. meleagris sugiere un alto potencial reproductivo para la población y sustenta la posibilidad de la consolidación de una importante pesquería de esta medusa.The cannonball jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris is regarded as a fishery resource with high commercial value, but with scarce biological information. With the aim to generate preliminary information on reproductive aspects, the present study analyzes its fecundity, based on the estimated number of vitellogenic oocytes in the gonad; in addition, we evaluated its relationship with the jellyfish body length, diameter and wet weight; and we established the relationship of the gonadosomatic index (IGS) with the jellyfish diameter and length. For this, a total of 30 specimens were collected, measured and weighed in a monthly basis, in Las Guásimas lagoon from January to May 2006. In order to estimate the gonad volume, 60 mature females were analyzed and their gonads were extracted and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Gonad images from histological preparations were analyzed and the number of vitellogenic and previtellogenic oocytes obtained. We used catch data from The Guásimas for population recruitment analysis, that was estimated with FISAT II. Among results, we found that fecundity increased with jellyfish length, diameter and total wet weight. The lower fecundity rates occured on February and the highest during May (11 873 071 and 37 528 197 millions of vitellogenic oocytes per gonad, respectively). The IGS increased with length and diameter of the specimens, at its maximum value of 3.7% was observed in May. A continuous production of previtellogenic oocytes were observed during the full collection period. The maximum recruitment was observed in July and November (37.50% and 28.01% respectively). The high fecundity observed in S. meleagris, suggests a high population reproductive potential that may support the possibility of an important fishery consolidation on this jellyfish