The Gendered Division of Labor in Brazilian Political Science Journals

This article analyzes the gendered division of labor in Brazilian political science. We seek to answer two questions: what are the predominant topics in political science that are being published in the discipline’s journals? How are women and men’s authorship distributed in these journals? The methodology involved three stages. First, we built a corpus with 2,363 articles that were classified as ‘political science and international relations’ by the Coordination for the Improvement for Higher Education Personnel ( Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES) and published in the most prominent Brazilian journals between 2005 and 2018. Next, we scraped abstracts and other bibliographic information from publications in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) platform and used a topic modeling technique to identify the most recurrent topics. Finally, we associated the identified topics with the authors’ gender. The data was examined based on two specific types of the gendered division of labor: the ‘horizontal’ and the ‘vertical’. Our results show that women and men as first authors tend to cluster around specific topics (horizontal division), but we did not find a tendency in journals to reject works on the topics in which women are better represented. In other words, differently from what was found by the international literature, the Brazilian journals in our sample do not seem to grant a lower status to these topics (vertical division). It is noteworthy, however, that men are the majority of first authors in all topics, including feminism

Futuros do Trabalho nas Ciências Sociais: Relatório de Pesquisa

This report presents the results of the research "Futures of work in the social sciences.” This study was based on a survey and in-depth interviews with the academic community. Two main points were investigated: perceptions of the profession and work routines. It also addressed questions on generational, gender, and racial inequalities in the area. The results provide a broad overview of academic work in the Social Sciences in Brazil.Este relatório apresenta resultados da pesquisa "Futuros do trabalho nas ciências sociais". O estudo se baseou em um survey e na realização de entrevistas em profundidade com a comunidade acadêmica e teve como objetivos investigar as percepções acerca dos usos do tempo e das rotinas de trabalho acadêmico na área; conhecer percepções e expectativas de múltiplas gerações de cientistas sociais sobre a profissão; investigar desigualdades de geração, gênero e raça que atravessam a prática profissional na academia. Os resultados proporcionam um retrato abrangente de distintas gerações que integram a comunidade de trabalho acadêmico na área

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Desigualdades na elite da ciência política brasileira = Inequalities in the elite of brazilian political science = Desigualdades en la elite de la ciencia política brasileña

O objetivo deste artigo é examinar um aspecto frequentemente negligenciado nos estudos sobre a Ciência Política no Brasil: as desigualdades internas à comunidade científica. Para tal, começamos por localizar nossa contribuição na literatura especializada. Em seguida, analisamos os perfis de gênero, raça e região geográfica dos docentes de todos os programas de pós-graduação da área reconhecidos pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). Os resultados mostram que a disciplina apresenta assimetrias de gênero e severa desigualdade racial, o que não pode ser totalmente explicado pelas diferenças regionais do país. A fim de observar o dado em perspectiva mais ampla, comparamos as características da Ciência Política às da Sociologia e da Antropologia e concluímos que a primeira é mais desigual em ambas as dimensõe

Scientific Production and Gender Inequalities in Two Academic Elites: Brazil and Argentina

Despite their relatively similar national contexts, geographical proximity, and comparable historical and cultural experiences, Brazil and Argentina show relevant differences in terms of R&D systems, research assessment procedures and the morphology of their academic elites. However, they share similar paths of integration to the international academic arena, along with the prevalence of nationally oriented groups under a primarily public funding system. Diverse combinations of intersectional inequalities can be found when analyzing two concrete populations of researchers from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), given that we are dealing with highly internationalized academic elites. In this paper, we describe the two national fields and the target populations in terms of age, position, and institutional affiliation. Considering the different composition by sex of these two populations we observe meaningful analogies regarding publication and, especially, publication in English. Finally, we discuss author positions, showing how intersectional inequalities affect women, relating this general picture to citation impact in Google Scholar and describing how gender territories are built among the top cited researchers.Malgré leurs contextes nationaux relativement similaires, leur proximité géographique et leurs expériences historiques et culturelles comparables, le Brésil et l'Argentine présentent des différences notables en termes de systèmes de Recherche & Développement, de procédures d'évaluation de la recherche et de morphologie de leurs élites universitaires. Cependant, ils partagent des voies similaires d'intégration dans l'arène universitaire internationale, ainsi que la prédominance de groupes à vocation nationale dans le cadre d'un système de financement essentiellement public. L'analyse de deux populations concrètes de chercheurs du Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) et du Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) révèle des combinaisons d'inégalités intersectionnelles distinctes, bien qu'il s'agisse d'élites universitaires fortement internationalisées. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les deux champs nationaux et les populations cibles en termes d'âge, de position et d'affiliation institutionnelle. Compte tenu de la composition différente de ces deux populations en termes de genre, nous observons des analogies significatives en ce qui concerne la publication et, en particulier, la publication en anglais. Enfin, nous discutons des positions des auteurs, en montrant comment les inégalités intersectionnelles affectent les femmes, en reliant cette image générale à l'impact des citations dans Google Scholar et en décrivant comment les territoires de genre sont construits parmi les chercheurs les plus cités

Les sciences ­humaines et ­sociales en ­Amérique latine, XXe siècle

Ce dossier de la Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines a pour objectif d’explorer la constitution et le développement historiques des sciences sociales et humaines en Amérique latine au xxe siècle. Les six articles rassemblés ici abordent les processus de construction et d’institutionnalisation de ces disciplines à différentes périodes et dans différents espaces, marqués, entre autres, par des traditions académiques nationales et des contextes politiques et idéologiques particuliers. Les analyses accordent une attention particulière aux acteurs, à leurs pratiques et à leurs stratégies, aux structures, aux politiques et aux systèmes nationaux d’organisation universitaire ou para-universitaire, aux réseaux et aux institutions transnationaux, aux échanges et aux connexions entre les espaces latino-américains et les autres régions du monde, aux programmes de coopération et de financement internationaux et à leur influence sur les orientations de la production intellectuelle. Ces études de cas éclairent dès lors les débats théoriques, que ce soit au sein de champs disciplinaires spécifiques ou transversaux à l’ensemble des sciences humaines et sociales, aussi bien à l’échelle locale que continentale. This dossier of the Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines aims to contribute to exploring the historical constitution and development of the social sciences and humanities in Latin America in the 20th century. The six articles gathered here address the processes of construction and institutionalization of these disciplines in different periods and spaces, marked, among other things, by national academic traditions and particular political and ideological contexts. The analyses pay special attention to the actors, their practices and strategies, to national structures, policies, and systems of academic organization, to transnational networks and institutions, to exchanges and connections between Latin American spaces and other regions of the world, to international cooperation and funding programs and their influence on the orientations of intellectual production. In this way, this series of case studies also shed light on local as well as continent-wide theoretical debates and their transformations

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure : A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20–29 years to 70–79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probit-transformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005–16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the high-income Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups