Los archivos históricos cubanos: fuentes para la investigación histórica

En el texto se caracterizan los fondos y colecciones de los archivos históricos de la Red Nacional de Cuba a partir de un análisis informétrico y de la aplicación de la Norma ISDIAH, como herramienta para garantizar su accesibilidad. A través de gráficos y sus interpretaciones el interesado encontrará una nueva vía de orientación para encauzar sus estudios y satisfacer sus necesidades informativas.In this text, the funds and collections of the historical archives of the Cuban national network are characterized from an informetric analysis and the implementation of the ISDIAH Standard, as a tool to ensure its accessibility. Through different graphics and their performances anyone interested will find a new way of guidance to direct his studies and satisfy his information needs.En el texto se caracterizan los fondos y colecciones de los archivos históricos de la Red Nacional de Cuba a partir de un análisis informétrico y de la aplicación de la Norma ISDIAH, como herramienta para garantizar su accesibilidad. A través de gráficos y sus interpretaciones el interesado encontrará una nueva vía de orientación para encauzar sus estudios y satisfacer sus necesidades informativas

Descubrir y usurpar. La otra cara de la expedición de Mopox

La Real Comisión de Guantánamo que desarrolló sus trabajos en la isla de Cuba entre 1797 y 1802 tenía como objetivo el estudio de las condiciones que permitirían la apertura de nuevas vías de comunicación y el poblamiento de localidades apartadas. Pero la expedición tuvo también otro objeto “no declarado”: el examen de la situación y estado de los terrenos denominados realengos. Nuestro trabajo precisamente hará hincapié en el análisis del papel jugado por los realengos durante y tras la expedición, no solo como las tierras del rey que constituirían la base de los proyectos de colonización, sino también como fuente de ingresos al fisco y como forma de acrecentar el patrimonio de los hacendados; así como su vinculación con los cambios que se estaban produciendo en la isla en torno a las concepciones sobre los usos y dominios del suelo.The Royal Commission of Guantánamo who developed their work on the island of Cuba between 1797 and 1802 aimed at studying the conditions that would allow the opening of new channels of communication and the settlement of remote locations. But the issue also had another object “undeclared”: reviewing the situation and status of land called realengos. Our work will focus precisely on the analysis of the role played by realengos during and after the issue, not just as the king’s lands that would form the basis of the proposed settlement, but also as a source of income to tax authorities and as a way of enhancing the heritage of the landowners; as well as its linkage with the changes taking place in the island around the conceptions of the uses and soil domains

Ignacio Zarragoitía y Jáuregui y la defensa de la Cuba no azucarera

In 1811 the Royal Consulate of Havana requested an assessment about the state of the island’s territories. Ignacio Zarragoitía y Jáuregui, landowner in Puerto Principe, sent a report that reflected the problems of this region as well as the eastern central zone. Jáuregui asked for reforms ranging from changes in the goverment system and also directed to a greater freedom in trade; similar to that already enjoyed in the west part of the island. Our proposal focuses on the analysis of Zarragoitía y Jaureguiʹs economic ideas, who in his double condition of landwoner and officer of the colonial government -manager of rants- exposed the main difficulties faced by the eastern central region and proposed advanced solutions from a non-sugar point of view, which came to be used as an example of the confrontation between the two models for development: sugar versus livestock. Two models that Juan Pérez de la Riva synthesized in Cuba A -the west part of the island with a predominant slave plantation and a high concentration versus Cuba B- the eastern part, which main activity was based on livestock with a marked degree of backwardness.En 1811 el Real Consulado de La Habana solicitó una evaluación del estado de los territorios de la isla. Desde Puerto Príncipe, Ignacio Zarragoitía y Jáuregui, enviaba un informe donde se reflejaban los problemas de la región y de la zona centro oriental en general. Jáuregui solicitaba reformas en que eran administrados y  una mayor libertad de comercio, similar a la que ya disfrutaba el occidente de la isla.Nuestra propuesta se centra en el análisis de las ideas económicas de Zarragoitía y Jáuregui, quien en su doble condición de hacendado y funcionario del gobierno colonial -administrador de rentas-, puso al descubierto las principales dificultades por las que atravesaba la región centro oriental y adelantó soluciones desde un ángulo no azucarero, que venían a servir de ejemplo del enfrentamiento entre los dos modelos de desarrollo: azúcar versus ganadería. Dos modelos que Juan Pérez de la Riva sintetizaba en la Cuba A -el occidente de la isla- donde predominaba la plantación esclavista y se concentraba la riqueza de la isla frente a la Cuba B, -la zona oriental- cuya actividad fundamental era la ganadería y se caracterizaba por su grado de atraso

Formación para la carrera académica e investigadora en Filosofía: Más allá de la tesis

La motivación principal del proyecto era la dificultad existente para los recién doctorados para desarrollar una carrera académica exitosa que les permitiese alcanzar su estabilización en centros de investigación y universidades de prestigio. Principalmente, debido a la creciente competitividad que existe en el ámbito académico internacional y a la falta de preparación de los estudiantes de doctorado para enfrentarse a este reto

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide