Huellas de Pterosaurios en el grupo Oncala (Soria, España). Pteraichnus palaciei-saenzi, nov. icnosp.

Several ptesoraur tracksites have been found in the northern area of Soria, Spain, among which Barranco de Valdelavilla (Valdelavilla) stands out due to the great amount of tracks, and Los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas) because of the occurrence of trackways. This group of tracks is attributable to the ichnogenus Pteraichnus, and the existence of a new ichnospecies has been verified (Pteraichnus palaciei-saenzi). To this moment, only sporadic tracks from these flying reptiles have been found in the other localities and this poor fossil trackway record cannot be attributed to a specific ichnospecies. These findings together with the trackway found in Los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas), described by Moratalla (1993) and Lockley et al. (1995), and digit impressions of these animals found at Río Ventosa and Valdehuérteles (Fuentes y Meijide, 1996) confirm the generalized presence of these animals in the Oncala Formation, more specifically at subunits IV-b of the Huérteles Aloformation and at the base of V-b of the Valdeprado Aloformation. This can be explained on the basis of environmental conditions in this area at that time -a muddy plain covered at one point by lakes with a more or less long life- being appropriate for these reptiles, who are always associated to coastal or aquatic terrestrial environments, to live and develop.En la zona Norte de Soria se han descubierto numerosos yacimientos de huellas de pterosaurios, destacando el del Barranco de Valdelavilla (Valdelavilla) por la cuantía de las mismas y el de Los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas) por la presencia de rastros. El conjunto de huellas pertenece al icnogénero Pteraichnus, habiéndose constatado la presencia de una nueva icnoespecie (Pteraichnus palaciei-saenzi). En el resto de las localidades sólo se han encontrado, por ahora, esporádicas huellas de estos reptiles voladores, no permitiendo la escasez del registro icnológico la asignación a una icnoespecie concreta. Estos hallazgos, junto con el rastro ubicado también en los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas), descrito por Moratalla (1993) y Lockley et al. (1995), y la localización de falanges de estos animales en Río Ventosa y Valdehuérteles (Fuentes y Meijide, 1996), confirman la presencia generalizada de estos animales en el Grupo Oncala y más concretamente en las subunidades IV-b de la Aloformación Huérteles y en la base de la V-b de la Aloformación Valdeprado. Tal circunstancia se puede explicar sobre la base de la existencia, en aquellos tiempos, de unas condiciones medioambientales propicias para la vida y el desarrollo de estos reptiles, asociadas siempre con ambientes litorales o terrestres acuáticos, como es el que presentaba esta zona (llanura fangosa, cubierta, en algunos momentos, por lagos de vida más o menos larga)

Historical earthquake parameters by geological and seismic site analysis: the 1908 Cerbon earthquake (Spain)

Seismic catalogues summarize information mainly on recent earthquakes and seismic events, recorded by means of relatively new instruments. Hence, this information, although being of high quality and quantitative value, sometimes is rather incomplete, since historical earthquakes are neglected in many cases. An example is the 1908 Cerbón earthquake (in Spain). This shake caused a good number of effects in the epicentre and surrounding area, triggering a huge landslide among some other effects. A complete geological and seismic site analysis, accompanied by a historical review of testimonies and journals of the time describing this particular earthquake, has been carried out, along with a deep field investigation to identify the mechanism of this landslide and the characteristics of the involved materials. A retrospective pseudo-static numerical simulation has been carried out to calculate the most probable range of peak horizontal accelerations during the earthquake. The results demonstrate the moderate relevance of this shake, also allowing us to quantify its objective importance. The presented methodology can be easily extended to some other similar cases, if seismic catalogues are to be completed for future designs accounting for seismic considerations

Trece años de evaluación compartida en Educación Física

En este trabajo realizamos una revisión de trece años de experiencia docente e investigación educativa sobre la Autoevaluación y la Evaluación Compartida en Educación Física. En una primera parte llevamos a cabo una revisión del estado de la cuestión, describimos el objeto de estudio y la metodología utilizada, para pasar posteriormente a analizar los resultados generales de estos trece años de experimentación. Los resultados los hemos organizado en dos grandes apartados: a-ventajas y posibilidades y b- inconvenientes, dificultades y posibles soluciones, de modo que puedan ser de utilidad para el profesorado interesado en el estudio y la puesta en práctica de este tipo de sistemas de evaluación

Los ortogneises peralcalinos del borde meridional de la Unidad Malpica-Tuy: caracteres geológicos, mineralógicos, geoquímicos y mineralizaciones de Y-Nb-Zr-TR asociadas

This paper summarizes the main tectonic, mineralogical, petrological and geochemical features of the three peralkaline complexes located in the southern end of the Malpica-Tuy Unit, in Galicia (NW Spain). The Porriño and La Guía complexes occur in metasedimentary rocks, mainly graywackes, of the Iberian Massif, while the Piñeiro complex is hosted by a pre-Variscun biotite granite. New data concerning the chemical composition and boundaries of the various facies which form the Porriño complex are given here. This data allow to define up to eight petrological facies and reinterprete the origin of these peralkaline bodies. The content and distribution of the major, trace and RE elements in the three complexes are the result of a magmatic differentiation process which gave place to a progressive enrichmente in SiO2 and a corresponding continuous decrease in Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2 and P2O5. In the Porriño complex, this geochemical trend towards more evolved rocks is consistent with field observations which show an evolution in time from the earlier biotite-hornblende to the late riebec kite, aegyrine-riebeckite, and biotite facies. Likewise, the REE content is highest in the latest radioactive biotite orthogneiss in which some mineralogically complex Y-NbZr- REE ores have been found. From the genetic point of view, the geochemical and field data show that the orthogneisses forming these peralkaline complexes fall in the field of intraplate granitoides (WPG) and correspond to A-type granites originated by melting of an anhydrous continental crust. Later on, the igneous rocks were folded and overthrust on the Precambrian-Lower Cambrian basement during the Variscan orogeny.Se resumen en este trabajo las principales características tectónicas, mineralógicas, petrológicas y geoquímicas de tres complejos peralcalinos situados en el extremo meridional de la Unidad Malpica-Tuy, en Galicia (NO de España). Los complejos de Porriño y La Guía están encajados en rocas metasedimentarias, principalmente grauvacas, del Macizo Ibérico, mientras que el complejo de Porriño se encuentra en un granito biotítico pre-Varisco. Se incluyen aquí nuevos datos referentes a la composición química y a los límites de las diferentes facies que constituyen el complejo de Porriño. Estos datos permiten definir hasta ocho facies petrológicas y reinterpretar el origen de estos cuerpos peralcalinos. El contenido y distribución de los elementos mayores, en trazas y de las TR es el resultado, en los tres complejos, de un proceso de diferenciación magmática que dio lugar al progresivo enriquecimiento en SiO2, y al correspondiente empobrecimiento en Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2 y P2O5, de las sucesivas facies. En el complejo de Porriño, esta tendencia geoquímica hacia rocas más evolucionadas está de acuerdo con las observaciones realizadas sobre el terreno, las cuales muestran una evolución en el tiempo desde la facies inicial con biotita y hornblenda a las más tardías con riebeckita, egirina-riebeckita, y biotita. Igualmente, el mayor contenido en TR corresponde al ortogneis biotítico tardío, en el que se encuentra un yacimiento, mineralógicamente muy complejo, de Y-NbZr- TR. Desde el punto de vista genético, los datos de campo y los análisis geoquímicos indican que los ortogneises que forman estos complejos peralcalinos se proyectan en el campo de los granitos intraplaca (WPG) y derivan de granitos de tipo A originados por fusión de una corteza continental anhidra. Más tarde, estas rocas ígneas fueron plegadas y cabalgadas sobre un basamento de edad Precámbrico-Cámbrico Inferior durante la orogenia varisca

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Cord Blood from Growth Restricted Fetuses with Doppler Alteration Compared to Adequate for Gestational Age Fetuses

Background and Objectives: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a severe obstetric disease characterized by a low fetal size entailing a set of undesired consequences. For instance, previous studies have noticed a worrisome association between FGR with an abnormal neurodevelopment. However, the precise link between FGR and neurodevelopmental alterations are not yet fully understood yet. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a critical neurotrophin strongly implicated in neurodevelopmental and other neurological processes. In addition, serum levels of BDNF appears to be an interesting indicator of pathological pregnancies, being correlated with the neonatal brain levels. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the blood levels of BDNF in the cord blood from fetuses with FGR in comparison to those with weight appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Materials and Methods: In this study, 130 subjects were recruited: 91 in group A (AGA fetuses); 39 in group B (16 FGR fetuses with exclusively middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI) 95th percentile). Serum levels of BDNF were determined through ELISA reactions in these groups. Results: Our results show a significant decrease in cord blood levels of BDNF in FGR and more prominently in those with UA PI >95th percentile in comparison to AGA. FGR fetuses with exclusively decreased MCA PI below the 5th percentile also show reduced levels of BDNF than AGA, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Overall, our study reports a potential pathophysiological link between reduced levels of BDNF and neurodevelopmental alterations in fetuses with FGR. However, further studies should be conducted in those FGR subjects with MCA PI < 5th percentile in order to understand the possible implications of BDNF in this group.Depto. de Salud Pública y Materno - InfantilFac. de MedicinaTRUEUnión EuropeaComunidad de MadridInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIHalekulani S.LFundación Santiago Dexeus Fontpu

Intra-trackway morphological variations due to substrate consistency: the El Frontal dinosaur tracksite (Lower Cretaceous, Spain).

An ichnological and sedimentological study of the El Frontal dinosaur tracksite (Early Cretaceous, Cameros basin, Soria, Spain) highlights the pronounced intra-trackway variation found in track morphologies of four theropod trackways. Photogrammetric 3D digital models revealed various and distinct intra-trackway morphotypes, which reflect changes in footprint parameters such as the pace length, the track length, depth, and height of displacement rims. Sedimentological analyses suggest that the original substrate was non-homogenous due to lateral changes in adjoining microfacies. Multidata analyses indicate that morphological differences in these deep and shallow tracks represent a part of a continuum of track morphologies and geometries produced by a gradient of substrate consistencies across the site. This implies that the large range of track morphologies at this site resulted from similar trackmakers crossing variable facies. The trackways at the El Frontal site present an exemplary case of how track morphology, and consequently potential ichnotaxa, can vary, even when produced by a single trackmaker

Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout

[EN] The link between place and crime is at the base of social ecology theories of crime that focus in the relationship of the characteristics of geographical areas and crime rates. The broken windows theory states that visible cues of physical and social disorder in a neighborhood can lead to an increase in more serious crime. The crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) planning approach seeks to deter criminal behavior by creating defensible spaces. Based on the premise that a settlement's appearance is a reflection of the society, we ask whether a neighborhood's design has a quantifiable imprint when seen from space using urban fabric descriptors computed from very high spatial-resolution imagery. We tested which land cover, structure and texture descriptors were significantly related to intra-urban homicide rates in Medellin, Colombia, while controlling for socioeconomic confounders. The percentage of impervious surfaces other than clay roofs, the fraction of clay roofs to impervious surfaces, two structure descriptors related to the homogeneity of the urban layout, and the uniformity texture descriptor were all statistically significant. Areas with higher homicide rates tended to have higher local variation and less general homogeneity; that is, the urban layouts were more crowded and cluttered, with small dwellings with different roofing materials located in close proximity to one another, and these regions often lacked other homogeneous surfaces such as open green spaces, wide roads, or large facilities. These results seem to be in agreement with the broken windows theory and CPTED in the sense that more heterogeneous and disordered urban layouts are associated with higher homicide rates.This research was made possible by funding from EAFIT University (EAFIT-435-000060) and the Medellin City Hall EnlazaMundos program. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers and Hermilson Velazquez, Andr es Ramírez Hassan and Gustavo Canavire for their insightful observations and suggestions during the different stages of this projectPatiño Quinchía, JE.; Duque, JC.; Pardo Pascual, JE.; Ruiz Fernández, LÁ. (2014). Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout. Applied Geography. 55:48-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.08.016S48605

Manus track preservation bias as a key factor for assessing trackmaker identity and quadrupedalism in basal ornithopods.

BACKGROUND: The Las Cerradicas site (Tithonian-Berriasian), Teruel, Spain, preserves at least seventeen dinosaur trackways, some of them formerly attributed to quadrupedal ornithopods, sauropods and theropods. The exposure of new track evidence allows a more detailed interpretation of the controversial tridactyl trackways as well as the modes of locomotion and taxonomic affinities of the trackmakers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Detailed stratigraphic analysis reveals four different levels where footprints have been preserved in different modes. Within the tridactyl trackways, manus tracks are mainly present in a specific horizon relative to surface tracks. The presence of manus tracks is interpreted as evidence of an ornithopod trackmaker. Cross-sections produced from photogrammetric digital models show different depths of the pes and manus, suggesting covariance in loading between the forelimbs and the hindlimbs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Several features (digital pads, length/width ratio, claw marks) of some ornithopod pes tracks from Las Cerradicas are reminiscent of theropod pedal morphology. This morphological convergence, combined with the shallow nature of the manus tracks, which reduces preservation potential, opens a new window into the interpretation of these tridactyl tracks. Thus, trackmaker assignations during the Jurassic-Cretaceous interval of purported theropod trackways may potentially represent ornithopods. Moreover, the Las Cerradicas trackways are further evidence for quadrupedalism among some basal small- to medium-sized ornithopods from this time interval