Identification of Suppliers able to provide Hydraulic Fracturing Services in Unconventional Reservoirs and Risks associated with the Construction of these Wells

According to the international agencies U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and World Energy Council (WEC), Brazil is the 10th country in the world ranking of the largest holders of shale gas reserves, with 245 Tcf (trillion cubic feet) (6.9 Tcm – trillion cubic meters) of natural gas. Due to the low permeability of these formations, the so-called unconventional reservoirs, only become viable if stimulated through horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques. These techniques, like any other ones, have associated risks that should be very well managed and mitigated. This article aims to show that the benefits, in terms of fostering the local economy, job creation and energy security, outweigh the risks since they are known and well managed. In addition, suppliers present in country, able to provide these services properly, with numerous successful cases around the world, are identified in the article as well

Analysis of environmental liabilities and water resources management for the development of the hydraulic fracturing activity in the Paraná Basin, Brazil

Brazil has great potential to produce unconventional reservoirs. However, the demand for water resources for the exploration of these reservoirs is also great and may even make the development of projects unfeasible if water management is not properly carried out. In this context, this article aims to analyze the relationship of hydraulic fracturing with the water resources of the Paraná Basin, as well as to identify the environmental liabilities in this basin. To this end, a vast bibliographic review was carried out and a survey of the history of environmental liabilities in the states of São Paulo and Paraná was carried out, as well as an analysis of the Brazilian legislation on hydraulic fracturing and other countries. It can be concluded that to minimize the impact of fracking activities on water resources, it is necessary to establish clear, objective rules that are easy to follow by the authorities to ensure their development in suitable regions

A avaliação econômica do suprimento de gás de folhelho para a ute Uruguaiana / The economic evaluation of the shale gas supply to the Uruguaiana thermoelectric power plant

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade econômica, do uso de recursos não convencionais nacionais, tais como gás de folhelho advindos da Bacia do Paraná pela usina termelétrica de Uruguaiana localizada no Rio Grande do Sul. Esta usina foi a primeira térmica operada a gás natural no Brasil, iniciando suas atividades em 2000, mas está paralisada desde abril de 2009. Este trabalho expõe o potencial real de hidrocarbonetos da Bacia do Paraná. Os resultados indicam que o valor presente da demanda de gás natural (em função da utilização da UTE) pode chegar a um valor de USD 16,21 MMBTU para garantir um retorno hipotético de 5% do investimento. A partir dos resultados obtidos, chega-se à conclusão de que a alternativa não convencional para o projeto não é economicamente mais viável na data do estudo do que a importação de GNL, porém é preciso levar em consideração que todos os projetos e investimentos feitos na área do petróleo e gás estão sujeitos a riscos, e à mercê das flutuabilidades desta commodity, que foi evidenciada pela pandemia do COVID19

Modelos contratuais na distribuição de gás canalizado no Brasil / Contractual models in piped gas distribution in Brazil

Esse artigo objetiva descrever os principais aspectos dos modelos contratuais utilizados na distribuição de gás natural no Brasil. Diante disso, inicialmente, aponta-se as características mais relevantes do segmento da distribuição no país. Em seguida, é explicitada a metodologia adotada para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, por meio da comparação entre a algumas das minutas de contratos de concessão vigentes atualmente no país. Depois, ressalta-se os resultados e as discussões decorrentes da análise. Em seguida, são apontadas as práticas mais modernas de mercado, bem como elencadas as diretrizes para o modelo conceitual do setor de gás

Aspectos anatomopatológicos das neoplasias malignas renais: Anatomopathological aspects of malignant renal neoplasms

As neoplasias renais correspondem ao crescimento exacerbado de células tumorais no interior dos rins, classificadas como benignas ou malignas. Neste estudo será abordado sobre as neoplasias malignas renais, a qual correspondem a maior prevalência e são representadas pelo carcinoma de células renais e o tumor de Wilms, com a finalidade de descrever a respeito dos aspectos anatomopatológicos, disseminando informações para o diagnóstico e manejo precoce. O carcinoma de células renais é mais prevalente no sexo masculino, indivíduos mais velhos, geralmente assintomático, contribuindo para o diagnóstico tardio junto a existência de metástases e terapêutica irresponsiva. Não se trata de uma doença genética, sendo o caráter esporádico o predominante, neste contexto os fatores de risco, sobretudo o tabagismo em seguida de obesidade hemodiálise e doenças genéticas são potenciais desencadeantes da enfermidade. Os exames complementares associado a clínica, junto ao acompanhamento eleva a possibilidade de identificação antes de avanços metastáticos. O tumor de Wilms é típico de crianças, acometendo um ou ambos os rins, normalmente com alguma anomalia genética, sendo os sinais inespecíficos, mas sempre manifestando massa palpável e dor abdominal, a qual os métodos de imagem confirmam o diagnóstico e estimam o prognóstico deste. Neste contexto, elucida-se a transcendência que os aspectos anatomopatológicos das neoplasias malignas renais oferecem para a diagnose precoce, devido a escassez e inespecificidafe das manifestações clínicas. Logo, a junção do perfil de cada neoplasia abordado conduz ao manejo adequado e reduz a incidência de tratamentos agressivos e irresponsivos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in pp collisions at 13 TeV

Many measurements and searches for physics beyond the standard model at the LHC rely on the efficient identification of heavy-flavour jets, i.e. jets originating from bottom or charm quarks. In this paper, the discriminating variables and the algorithms used for heavy-flavour jet identification during the first years of operation of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, are presented. Heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms have been improved compared to those used previously at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. For jets with transverse momenta in the range expected in simulated $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ events, these new developments result in an efficiency of 68% for the correct identification of a b jet for a probability of 1% of misidentifying a light-flavour jet. The improvement in relative efficiency at this misidentification probability is about 15%, compared to previous CMS algorithms. In addition, for the first time algorithms have been developed to identify jets containing two b hadrons in Lorentz-boosted event topologies, as well as to tag c jets. The large data sample recorded in 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV has also allowed the development of new methods to measure the efficiency and misidentification probability of heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms. The heavy-flavour jet identification efficiency is measured with a precision of a few per cent at moderate jet transverse momenta (between 30 and 300 GeV) and about 5% at the highest jet transverse momenta (between 500 and 1000 GeV)

Evidence for the Higgs boson decay to a bottom quark–antiquark pair

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016