Parallel Algorithms for MPEG Video Compression with PVM

This paper presents parallel algorithms for MPEG video compression by using the PVM library. Because of the huge amount of computation, a sequential software encoder is slow at the coding of reasonably sized images (e.g. 0.1-0.3 frames per second). In order to speed up the process, we developed two kinds of parallel algorithm, which run on a cluster of workstations connected to the network. The first method encodes slices in parallel, while the second one encodes equally sized Groups Of Pictures (GOP) in parallel. The communication between the machines is facilitated by the PVM package. The reference sequential algorithm can encode a SIF sized sequence at 0.2 frames per second on a SUN Sparc 2 using the GOP pattern of IBBP. The slice level parallelization can take this rate up to nearly 0.7 frames per second with the use of 6 Sparc 2s connected via Ethernet. The degradation of the performance is a consequence of the low bandwidth of the network and the relatively high communication act..

Usefulness of additional measurements of the median nerve with ultrasonography.

Contains fulltext : 87545.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)High resolution sonography is a relatively new diagnostic technique in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Normal values in different studies, however, vary and this makes their practical use difficult. The aim of this study was to establish normal values for the median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) and to investigate the value of measuring additional parameters. Ninety-eight wrists of 29 women and 25 men without signs or symptoms of CTS were included. Width and circumference of the wrist were measured. The CSA of the median nerve at the level of the pisiform bone was measured using ultrasonography. We found a significant correlation between the CSA of the median nerve at the wrist and wrist circumference. Measuring wrist circumference will establish the upper level of normal more accurately compared to predictions solely based upon gender. This has important implications in diagnosing CTS with ultrasonography.1 december 201

Transforming Triglycerides and Fatty Acids into Biofuels

Fuels derived from biobased materials are attracting attention for their potential in securing the energy supply and protecting the environment. In this Minireview, we evaluate the use of biobased sources, particularly fatty acids and triglycerides from seed oils and animal fats, as fuels. The physical and chemical properties of these fatty acids and triglycerides are discussed, including the link to their sources and current availability to meet fuel demands. The current technologies, also known as the first-generation ones, for converting triglycerides into fuels are covered, including conventional methods such as transesterification, pyrolysis, cracking, and emulsions. Recent, second-generation technological developments that lead to more commercially viable biofuels based on diesel-like hydrocarbons are also discussed

Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

The genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-191,2, host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases3,4,5,6,7. They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease