Genome-wide association and transcriptome studies identify target genes and risk loci for breast cancer

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 170 breast cancer susceptibility loci. Here we hypothesize that some risk-associated variants might act in non-breast tissues, specifically adipose tissue and immune cells from blood and spleen. Using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) reported in these tissues, we identify 26 previously unreported, likely target genes of overall breast cancer risk variants, and 17 for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, several with a known immune function. We determine the directional effect of gene expression on disease risk measured based on single and multiple eQTL. In addition, using a gene-based test of association that considers eQTL from multiple tissues, we identify seven (and four) regions with variants associated with overall (and ER-negative) breast cancer risk, which were not reported in previous GWAS. Further investigation of the function of the implicated genes in breast and immune cells may provide insights into the etiology of breast cancer.Peer reviewe

Robin Hood: There Will Be Tights (A Medieval Drama Production)

Through the staging of this production, the English 312 (Medieval Drama) class developed an academic understanding of the original spirit of five Robin Hood plays & ballads and translated these in a lively manner into contemporary idiom for a modern audience. Students in this course have translated and staged ten very different productions since 1999, and this was our first attempt at popular folk theater. Robin Hood was a wildly popular figure during the late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, and was often the May King in spring celebrations that combined mumming, music, dance, games, and action-packed improvisational theatrics; in our production, we tried to add some of that festive flavor in in between various scenes. These plays are slapstick and involve broad burlesque humor we might recognize from Monty Python or Benny Hill or modern British pantomime, and involve a certain level of audience participation; our actors performed in front, behind, to the side, and within the audience, and active spectator engagement was encouraged. During the Middle Ages, performances like these might include an opportunity to give alms to the poor, thus manifesting the type of generosity often attributed to Robin Hood. In our production, we invited charitable donations of cash, clothing, and non-perishable food stuffs for our local soup kitchen, and we gathered a substantial volume of such donations. Although we tend to think of Robin Hood as the Outlaw with a Heart of Gold who robs from the rich to give to the poor, this is a fairly late understanding of this figure; during the Middle Ages, on the other hand, Robin Hood provided a mischievous protagonist who inverted the power structure; our plays reflected this theme. In mythological terms, Robin is a Trickster: Like all Tricksters, he is impish and he inverts authority. Tricksters are also associated with fecundity and the rebirth of the natural world and growing season, and are sometimes androgynous. Thus Robin’s role as the May King underscores his identity as a Trickster. In our production, this ambiguity was manifested both by men in tights and by women cast as men: “Robin” is, after all, a gender-neutral name, and so we had two men and one woman playing Robin Hood. Indeed, the “Men in Tights” aspect of the Robin Hood tradition lends itself so readily to humor in our culture precisely because gender-bending and cross-dressing in slapstick comedy both reflects and subverts common perceptions and stereotypes regarding gender; the reason the Monty Python boys are so quick to put a lad in a skirt for a quick laugh is that such humor exposes in a non-threatening way basic tensions in our culture regarding gender roles. The humor in our play stemmed in part from exploiting such tensions

Advertising and Firm Risk: A Study of the Restaurant Industry

Incorporating recent calls for understanding firm equity risk in relation to a firm's marketing efforts, this study examined the impacts of firm-level advertising spending on firm equity risk with publicly listed firms in the restaurant industrya key hospitality industry. This study hypothesized and tested the effects of firm-level advertising expenditures on different types of firm equity risk (i.e., total, systematic, and unsystematic risk). Unlike previous empirical findings, we found that an increase in advertising expenditures significantly increased total and unsystematic risk of sampled restaurant firms. The findings provide new insights into the effects of advertising on firm equity risk in the literature, and important theoretical and managerial implications for restaurant firmsope

Genome-wide association and transcriptome studies identify target genes and risk loci for breast cancer

Abstract Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 170 breast cancer susceptibility loci. Here we hypothesize that some risk-associated variants might act in non-breast tissues, specifically adipose tissue and immune cells from blood and spleen. Using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) reported in these tissues, we identify 26 previously unreported, likely target genes of overall breast cancer risk variants, and 17 for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, several with a known immune function. We determine the directional effect of gene expression on disease risk measured based on single and multiple eQTL. In addition, using a gene-based test of association that considers eQTL from multiple tissues, we identify seven (and four) regions with variants associated with overall (and ER-negative) breast cancer risk, which were not reported in previous GWAS. Further investigation of the function of the implicated genes in breast and immune cells may provide insights into the etiology of breast cancer