Antithrombotic Therapy in Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes

The treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in elderly patients continues to be a challenge because of the characteS.G.B.ristics of this population and the lack of data and specific recommendations. This review summarizes the current evidence about critical points of oral antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients. To this end, we discuss the peculiarities and differences reported referring to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in ACS management in elderly patients and what might be the best option considering these population characteristics. Furthermore, we analyze antithrombotic strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), with a particular focus on those cases that also present coronary artery disease (CAD). It is imperative to deepen our knowledge regarding the management of these challenging patients through real-world data and specifically designed geriatric studies to help resolve the questions remaining in their disease management

¿Cómo puedo diagnosticar una Amiloidosis Cardíaca?

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Combined effects of type and depth of counting chamber, and rateof image frame capture, on bull sperm motility and kinematics

Semen quality assessment requires accurate, reliable and objective methods for examination of sperm variables including sperm motility. For preparation of semen samples for artificial insemination, as a genetic resource, samples that are used for insemination need to have the capacity to result in a highly acceptable fertility rate. Several methods have been developed for evaluation of bull sperm in laboratory conditions and for preparation of doses for artificial insemination. Computer-assisted semen analyses can provide objective information on various sperm variables. Nevertheless, this equipment requires fine-calibrations considering differences among species, breeds and conditions for sample evaluation and data analyses. In the present study, there was examination of the interaction between factors such as image frame rate and type and depth of counting chamber in which sperm were evaluated, together with differences between bulls of four breeds. The use of the Spermtrack® reusable 10 μm-depth chamber provided more reliable results than results obtained using disposable chambers (10 and 20 μm depth). A capture rate of at least 90 fps is required for assessment of sperm motility percentage, whereas a rate of 250 fps is needed for obtaining consistent kinematic data. Differences among breeds in the present study indicate conditions for sperm analyses should include specific equipment calibrations for each breed. These results contribute to development of more precise conditions for assessments of bull sperm quality taking into account breed differences and the requirement each breed has for the adequate evaluation and preparation of samples for artificial insemination.DB received a grant from MINECO, Spain (Grant AGL2014-52775-P). AV was the recipient of a grant from CONICIT and MICITT ,Costa Rica. ERSR was supported by funds from MCIU, Spain

Efecto de las temperaturas de incubación y análisis sobre la cinemática y la morfometría de los espermatozoides durante el análisis de semen humano

[Introduction]: Human semen analysis must be performed after the liquefaction of the ejaculate. This takes place about 30min after ejaculation and samples must be maintained in the lab during this time. The temperatures for this incubation and the final analysis of motility are crucial but seldom taken into account. This study aims to examine the effect of these temperatures on various sperm parameters both manually (sperm count, motility, morphology, viability, chromatin condensation and maturation and DNA fragmentation) and CASA (kinematics and morphometrics, using an ISAS®v1 CASA-Mot and CASA-Morph systems, respectively) analyzed.[Methods]: Seminal samples from thirteen donors were incubated for 10min at 37°C followed by additional 20min at either room temperature (RT, 23°C) or 37°C and then examined following WHO 2010 criteria.[Results]: The data obtained show that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the subjective sperm quality parameters with incubation temperature. On the other hand, the head sperm morphometric parameters were significantly higher after room temperature incubation showing, in addition, lower ellipticity (P<0.05). Furthermore, kinematic parameters were evaluated both at RT and 37°C for the two incubation temperatures. In general, the four temperature combinations showed that kinematic parameters followed this order: RT-RT[Conclusions]: Our results showed that temperature control during both incubation and analysis is needed for accurate semen analysis, recommending the use of 37°C during the entire process.Peer reviewe

Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide derivatives as antiparasitic agents

A series of N&acute;-substituted-2-(5-nitrofuran or 5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)-3h-benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbohydrazide derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their abilities to inhibit B-hematin formation, hemoglobin proteolysis and for their antimalarial efficacy in rodent Plasmodium berghei. Moreover, we investigated the effect on the viability of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania braziliensis in vitro. We performed a scan to evaluate the cytotoxic effects against two non tumourogenic cell lines. We found that compounds 5a, 6a, and 6g were the most promising as inhibitors of B-hematin formation, especial attention should be paid to 6a which also inhibited hemoglobin proteolysis moderately, decreased parasitaemia and prolonged survivals in infected-mice significantly compared to vehicle controls. Finally, we demonstrated that the compound 7f have a profound effect on the viability of T. cruzi (Tulahuen, CL Brener), shown an IC50 values of 7.7 &mu;m and 0.2 &mu;m respectively, without affecting the viability of the host cells. All compounds showed a marginal activity against L. braziliensis. Thus, compounds 6a and 7f showed anti-parasitic efficacy and good safety inde

Anti-leishmanial evaluation of C2-aryl quinolines: Mechanistic insight on bioenergetics and sterol biosynthetic pathway of Leishmania braziliensis

A series of diverse simple C2-aryl quinolines was synthesized de novo via a straightforward synthesis based on the acid-catalyzed multicomponent imino Diels–Alder reactions. Seven selected quinolines were evaluated at different stages of Leishmania braziliensis parasite. Among them, the 6-ethyl-2-phenylquinoline 5f was able to inhibit the growth of promastigotes of this parasite without affecting the mammalian cells viability and decreasing the number of intracellular L. braziliensis amastigotes on BMDM macrophages. The mechanism of action studied for the selected compound consisted in: (1) alteration of parasite bioenergetics, by disrupting mitochondrial electrochemical potential and alkalinisation of acidocalcisomes, and (2) inhibition of ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in promastigote forms. These results validate the efficiency of quinoline molecules as leishmanicide compounds.Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación [CO] Colciencias5507-543-31904Programa: Bioprospección y desarrollo de ingredientes naturales para las industrias cosmética, farmacéutica y de productos de aseo con base en la biodiversidad colombianan

Efectos deletereos del Jc25 sobre la bioenergética celular y la biosíntesis de esteroles de Leishmania braziliensis

La Leishmaniasis es considerada por la oMS como una de las seis parasitosis con mayores indices de morbilidad y mortalidada nivel mundial. Las drogas de primera linea utilizadas (GlucantimeR y PentostanR) generan graves efectos secundarios,asi como fenomenos de quimioresistencia. En este sentido, nuestro grupo de investigacion se planteo el reto de desarrollary sintetizar nuevos compuestos antiparasitarios efectivos. bajo metodologias de sintesis rapidas y economicas, logramosobtener 14 compuestos derivados de benzimidazoles. Con la finalidad de evaluar el potencial antiparasitario, se realizaroncurvas de crecimiento evaluando diversas concentraciones de los compuestos. Demostramos que uno de los derivados(jC25), disminuyo la viabilidad de promastigotes de L. braziliensis de manera dependiente de la dosis, con un valor de iC50:56&fnof;&Ecirc;M. a traves del uso de indicadores fluorescentes, determinamos que este compuesto desestabiliza el potencial electrogenicomitocondrial y genera alcalinizacion de los acidocalcisomas en estos parasitos. adicionalmente y a traves de estudiosde GC/MS, determinamos que el jC25 interfiere con la biosintesis de esteroles de estos parasitos, afectando la actividadde la enzima escualeno epoxidasa. Estos eventos explicarian en parte, el efecto leishmanicida observado. Finalmente,el jC25 genero un potente efecto sobre la viabilidad de amastigotes intracelulares de L. braziliensis (iC50: 12,78&fnof;&Ecirc;M), sin afec -tar la viabilidad de las celulas hospederas. Teniendo en cuenta que el amastigote intracelular es el estadio terapeuticamenteimportante de la Leishmaniasis, el efecto mencionado anteriormente resulta muy interesante y permite realizar estudiosmas avanzados con este compuesto, o algunos otros con estructuras similares

CASA-Mot technology: how results are affected by the frame rate and counting chamber

For over 30 years, CASA-Mot technology has been used for kinematic analysis of sperm motility in different mammalian species, but insufficient attention has been paid to the technical limitations of commercial computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) systems. Counting chamber type and frame rate are two of the most important aspects to be taken into account. Counting chambers can be disposable or reusable, with different depths. In human semen analysis, reusable chambers with a depth of 10 mm are the most frequently used, whereas for most farm animal species it is more common to use disposable chambers with a depth of 20 mm. The frame rate was previously limited by the hardware, although changes in the number of images collected could lead to significant variations in some kinematic parameters, mainly in curvilinear velocity (VCL). A frame rate of 60 frames s(-1) is widely considered to be the minimum necessary for satisfactory results. However, the frame rate is species specific and must be defined in each experimental condition. In conclusion, we show that the optimal combination of frame rate and counting chamber type and depth should be defined for each species and experimental condition in order to obtain reliable results