Bis(μ-pyridinium-2-carboxyl­ato-κ2 O:O′)bis­[triaqua­(sulfato-κO)manganese(II)]

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Mn2(SO4)2(C6H5NO2)2(H2O)6], comprises half of a centrosymmetric dimer. The MnII atom is coordinated by two O atoms of the monodentate carboxyl­ate ligand, an O atom of the sulfate anion in axial position and three water mol­ecules in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected through N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. The crystal structure is further stabilized by inter­molecular π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.842 (2) Å]

Evaluation of Effects of Dextrometorphan and Midazolam onMorphin-Induced Tolerance and Dependence in Mice: Morphine tolerance and dependence

Long-term exposure to opiates induces physical dependence and tolerance. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of dextromethorphan and midazolam and their combination on morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.Different groups of mice were rendered randomly and received morphine (50mg/kg, sc), morphine (50 mg/kg, sc) + dextromethorphan (25,50 or 75 mg/kg, ip),morphine (50 mg/kg, sc) + midazolam (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg, ip), morphine (50 mg/kg,sc) + dextromethorphan (25 mg/kg, ip) + midazolam (0.5 mg/kg, ip) once a day for four days. Tolerance was assessed by administration of morphine (9 mg/kg, ip) onthe fifth day. Withdrawal symptoms (markers for dependence) was assessed byadministration of naloxone (4 mg/kg, ip) two hours after co-administration ofmorphine with either dextromethorphan or midazolam or their combination groups. Results showed that pretreatment with dextromethorphan or midazolam decreased the degree of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms significantly.Additionally, co-administration of dextromethorphan and midazolam before morphine administration decreased the tolerance and dependence but it was not significant.From these results, it may be concluded that dextromethorphan and midazolam alone or in combination could prevent the development of tolerance and dependence tothe analgesic effects of morphine. These effects can be related to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist behavior of dextromethorphan and GABA-receptor agonist behavior of midazolam

Effects of Quercetin and ACTH on Morphine-Induced Tolerance and Dependence in Mice: Attenuation of morphine tolerance by quercetin

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin and ACTH injection on prevention of development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. In this study different groups of mice received morphine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) plus quercetin (5, 10, 25 mg/kg, ip), ACTH (1, 2.5, 5 IU/mice, i.p.), or combination of quercetin (5 mg/kg) and ACTH (1 IU/mice) once a day for four days. Tolerance was assessed by administration of morphine (9 mg/kg) and using hot plate test on the fifth day. It was found that pretreatment with quercetin or ACTH decreased the degree of tolerance. Co-administration of quercetin and ACTH before morphine did not decrease the tolerance, significantly. From these results it may be concluded that administration of quercetin or ACTH alone could prevent the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine. These effects may be related to as nitric oxide inhibitor (eNOI) behavior of quercetin and the ability of morphine and their receptors in the control of the secretion of CRH

Effects of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and Spermine on Maternal Plant under Drought Stress on Germination Indices of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)

Extended abstract Introduction: Echinacea purpurea, a member of Asteraceae family, is a herbal medicine which is effective for promoting human immune system. Enviromental stresses including water defecit, which limit maternal plant growth, can also affect their seed quality and germination. Various compounds such as salicylic acid and spermin are known to be useful in the alleviation of harmful effects of drought on plants and their seed production. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the seed vigor of Purple Coneflower after foliar  application of salicylic acid (SA) and spermine (SPM) on maternal plant (no spray,75 mg/l SA, 150 mg/L SA, 75 mg/L SPM, 75 mg/l SA+75 mg/L SPM and 150 mg/L SA+75 mg/L SPM) under three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 20, 40 and 60% depletion of soil available water), a split plot experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with three replications during 2016- 2017 growing seasons at research field of Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran. Results: Water stress decreased the percentage and rate of germination, shoot and seedling length, shoot dry weight, germination energy and seed germination vigour. The results showed that foliar application had a significant effect on shoot, root and seedling length, shoot, root and seedling dry weight, germination rate, allometric factor, and germination vigour. The interaction effect of drought stress and foliar application indicated that non-stress and 150 SA+70 SPM mg/L had the highest radicle length (28.8 mm), radicle dry weight (1.81mg), seedling dry weight (6.20 mg) and Allometric factor (0.412). Conclusions: Based on the results of the current experiment, the foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine improved the seed germination of coneflower plants under both normal and water stress conditions and the highest values of these parameters were obtained under combained application of high concentrations of salicylic acid (150 mg/L) and spermine (75 mg/L).     Highlights: 1- Investigating the foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine in maternal Echinacea purpurea plant under drought stress in germination of seed. 2- The foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on maternal plants of Echinacea improved germination quality under water stress