Uma perspectiva sobre fãs ao longo da trajetória de vida*

In this article we explore a life course perspective on fandom, with particular emphasis on fandom and adult development. While there is growing interest in issues of age and aging within fan studies and within media studies more broadly, there is a tendency in this literature to discuss aging and the life course atheoretically, ignoring a rich body of scholarship in fields that examines how lives unfold over time. Our goal in this manuscript is to make explicit what is typically rendered implicit in fan studies to enrich our understanding of long-term and later-life fandom, and to suggest ways that fan studies might more fully account for fandom over timeNeste artigo, abordamos os fãs sob a perspectiva da trajetória de vida, particularmente com ênfase na situação de ser um fã e o desenvolvimento da fase adulta. Ao mesmo tempo em que há, de forma geral, um interesse crescente pelas questões relativas à idade e ao envelhecimento nos estudos sobre fãs, existe também uma tendência na literatura de discutir o envelhecimento e a trajetória de vida de forma não teórica, deixando de lado grande parte do conhecimento acadêmico em áreas que se dedicam a entender como a vida se desdobra ao longo do tempo. Nosso objetivo aqui é tornar explícito o que normalmente é deixado implícito nos estudos sobre fãs para enriquecer nossa compreensão sobre fãs de longa data e de idade avançada, e sugerir maneiras como os estudos sobre fãs em geral poderiam tratar da questão em relação ao temp

Discourses of Distribution

Occupying the organizational space between television’s culture world of production and its audience, TV distribution serves as the institutional site where the industry implements its strategic transactions of global buying, selling, and transmission. Distribution not only connects the industrial processes of production and consumption to one another: these processes also transform TV texts and their meanings in the process. By clarifying how the site of distribution unveils the “residue” of production and the “anticipation” of consumption in addition to serving as its own unique intermediary function on the circuit, our analysis introduces a conceptual depth, or three-dimensionality, into circuit models by mapping nested discourses of globalization onto circuit models, thereby illuminating vertical as well as circular motion on the circuit. Therefore, subsuming distribution under other circuit processes mistakenly implies that distribution contributes nothing unique to television and its meanings. Ultimately, our introduction of depth/verticality into circuit models provides a new conceptual framework to guide future analyses of the structure and dynamics of the global market. This article is an edited version of Chapter 5 of Global TV (NYU Press, 2008), with a new introduction.Située entre l’univers culturel de la production télévisuelle et son audience, la distribution est une étape dans la circulation des biens télévisés : c’est dans cet espace institutionnel que le secteur de la télévision met en œuvre ses stratégies commerciales d’achats, de ventes et de diffusions à l’échelle mondiale. Mais la distribution ne se contente pas de relier les processus industriels de production des programmes et leur consommation, elle est aussi elle-même un processus qui transforme les contenus télévisés et leur sens. Nous montrons comment cette étape de la distribution, à travers sa fonction essentielle d’intermédiaire au sein du circuit, dévoile les « traces » de la production tout en « anticipant » la consommation ; l’analyse que nous proposons introduit une profondeur conceptuelle, une tridimensionnalité dans les modèles de circulation à partir d’une cartographie des discours imbriqués sur la mondialisation : nous mettons ainsi en évidence le mouvement à la fois vertical et circulaire de ce circuit. Dès lors, se contenter d’incorporer la distribution dans les modèles existants de circulation pourrait laisser penser à tort que la distribution ne contribue en rien à la télévision et à ce qu’elle signifie. L’introduction de profondeur et de verticalité dans les modèles de circulation ouvre finalement un nouveau cadre conceptuel pour de futures analyses de la structure et des dynamiques du marché mondial. Cet article est une version remaniée du chapitre 5 de l’ouvrage Global TV (NYU Press, 2008), avec une introduction inédite.La distribución se sitúa entre el universo cultural de la producción televisiva y su audiencia y es una etapa en la circulación de los bienes televisuales: es en este espacio institucional que el sector de la televisión desarrolla sus estrategias comerciales de compra, venta y difusión a escala mundial. Pero la distribución no se limita a vincular los procesos industriales de producción de programas y su consumo, ella misma es igualmente un proceso que transforma los contenidos televisivos y su sentido. Mostramos de qué manera esta etapa de la distribución, a través de su función esencial de intermediaria en el circuito, muestra las «trazas» de la producción «anticipando» el consumo; el análisis propuesto incorpora profundidad conceptual, una tridimensionalidad de los modelos de circulación a partir de una cartografía de los imbricados discursos sobre la globalización: de tal manera evidenciamos el movimiento, a la vez vertical y circular de este circuito. Por consiguiente, limitarse a incorporar la distribución en los modelos existentes de circulación podría hacer pensar equivocadamente que la distribución no contribuye para nada con la televisión y a lo que ella significa. La incorporación de profundidad y verticalidad en los modelos de circulación abre un nuevo cuadro conceptual para los futuros análisis de la estructura y dinámicas del mercado mundial. Este artículo es una versión modificada del capitulo 5 del libro Global TV (NYU Press, 2008) con una introducción inédita

Les discours de la distribution

Située entre l’univers culturel de la production télévisuelle et son audience, la distribution est une étape dans la circulation des biens télévisés : c’est dans cet espace institutionnel que le secteur de la télévision met en œuvre ses stratégies commerciales d’achats, de ventes et de diffusions à l’échelle mondiale. Mais la distribution ne se contente pas de relier les processus industriels de production des programmes et leur consommation, elle est aussi elle-même un processus qui transforme les contenus télévisés et leur sens. Nous montrons comment cette étape de la distribution, à travers sa fonction essentielle d’intermédiaire au sein du circuit, dévoile les « traces » de la production tout en « anticipant » la consommation ; l’analyse que nous proposons introduit une profondeur conceptuelle, une tridimensionnalité dans les modèles de circulation à partir d’une cartographie des discours imbriqués sur la mondialisation : nous mettons ainsi en évidence le mouvement à la fois vertical et circulaire de ce circuit. Dès lors, se contenter d’incorporer la distribution dans les modèles existants de circulation pourrait laisser penser à tort que la distribution ne contribue en rien à la télévision et à ce qu’elle signifie. L’introduction de profondeur et de verticalité dans les modèles de circulation ouvre finalement un nouveau cadre conceptuel pour de futures analyses de la structure et des dynamiques du marché mondial. Cet article est une version remaniée du chapitre 5 de l’ouvrage Global TV (NYU Press, 2008), avec une introduction inédite.Occupying the organizational space between television’s culture world of production and its audience, TV distribution serves as the institutional site where the industry implements its strategic transactions of global buying, selling, and transmission. Distribution not only connects the industrial processes of production and consumption to one another: these processes also transform TV texts and their meanings in the process. By clarifying how the site of distribution unveils the “residue” of production and the “anticipation” of consumption in addition to serving as its own unique intermediary function on the circuit, our analysis introduces a conceptual depth, or three-dimensionality, into circuit models by mapping nested discourses of globalization onto circuit models, thereby illuminating vertical as well as circular motion on the circuit. Therefore, subsuming distribution under other circuit processes mistakenly implies that distribution contributes nothing unique to television and its meanings. Ultimately, our introduction of depth/verticality into circuit models provides a new conceptual framework to guide future analyses of the structure and dynamics of the global market. This article is an edited version of Chapter 5 of Global TV (NYU Press, 2008), with a new introduction.La distribución se sitúa entre el universo cultural de la producción televisiva y su audiencia y es una etapa en la circulación de los bienes televisuales: es en este espacio institucional que el sector de la televisión desarrolla sus estrategias comerciales de compra, venta y difusión a escala mundial. Pero la distribución no se limita a vincular los procesos industriales de producción de programas y su consumo, ella misma es igualmente un proceso que transforma los contenidos televisivos y su sentido. Mostramos de qué manera esta etapa de la distribución, a través de su función esencial de intermediaria en el circuito, muestra las «trazas» de la producción «anticipando» el consumo; el análisis propuesto incorpora profundidad conceptual, una tridimensionalidad de los modelos de circulación a partir de una cartografía de los imbricados discursos sobre la globalización: de tal manera evidenciamos el movimiento, a la vez vertical y circular de este circuito. Por consiguiente, limitarse a incorporar la distribución en los modelos existentes de circulación podría hacer pensar equivocadamente que la distribución no contribuye para nada con la televisión y a lo que ella significa. La incorporación de profundidad y verticalidad en los modelos de circulación abre un nuevo cuadro conceptual para los futuros análisis de la estructura y dinámicas del mercado mundial. Este artículo es una versión modificada del capitulo 5 del libro Global TV (NYU Press, 2008) con una introducción inédita

Host contribution to parasite persistence is consistent between parasites and over time, but varies spatially

Most parasites and pathogens infect multiple hosts, but a great deal of variation exists in the role of those hosts in persistence of infection. Understanding which hosts are most important in maintaining parasites can provide a clearer target for infection control. Recently developed empirical and theoretical approaches provide a way to quantify the relative contribution of hosts within a community and place them in a multihost framework to better direct control efforts. Amphibians provide a framework for better understanding multihost‐multiparasite dynamics. Two well‐studied amphibian parasites, Bd and Ranavirus, infect multiple host species and exhibit a great deal of heterogeneity in how they affect hosts. We used these two parasites and a community of 5 amphibian species to investigate the relative importance of hosts in parasite persistence, and how any patterns varied spatially and temporally. At two sites (Lake Ercina and Lake Lloroza in the Picos de Europa National Park) we collected data on the prevalence and shedding rate of parasite infection for both Bd and Ranavirus, and the abundance of each species’ life‐stages. We used these data to parameterise a recently developed modelling framework, which was used to quantify the relative contribution of each host to the community reproductive number, R0. By comparing each host category over time and between sites we were able to identify consistencies in which host was responsible for the maintenance of these two parasites. Within a site one species consistently contributed the most to the persistence of both parasites. This consistency did not transfer between sites, the maintenance host species being different for each. At one site (Ercina) life‐stages of the common midwife toad, Alytes obstetricans, acted as the maintenance host for both Bd and Ranavirus. In contrast, at the second site, Lloroza, the alpine newt, Ichthyosaura alpestris, fulfilled that role. A single host species was responsible for infection persistence of both parasites at each lake. Attempts to control the infection levels and impacts of multiple parasites can benefit from a community epidemiology approach, and provide clarity on which hosts are the foci of mitigation efforts. However, at a small spatial‐scale the target host may vary according to the physical qualities of those sites and the demographics of the host community

The WIRCAM Deep Infrared Cluster Survey I: Groups and Clusters at z > 1.1

We use CFHTLS deep optical data, WIRCam Deep Survey (WIRDS) NIR data and XMM data to identify z>1.1 clusters in the CFHTLS D1 and D4 fields. Counterparts to such clusters can not be identified without deep NIR data and as such the total of =1deg2 of J , H & Ks band imaging provided by WIRDS is an indispensable tool in such work. Using public XMM X-ray data, we identify extended X-ray sources in the two fields. The resulting catalogue of extended X-ray sources was analyzed for optical/NIR counterparts, using a red-sequence algorithm. Redshifts of candidate groups and clusters were estimated using the median photometric redshifts of detected counterparts and where available spectroscopic data. Additionally, we surveyed X-ray point sources for potential group systems at the limit of our detection range in the X-ray data. A catalogue of z > 1.1 cluster candidates in the two fields has been compiled and cluster masses, radii and temperatures have been estimated using the scaling relations. The catalogue consists of 15 z > 1.1 candidates. Three of the detections are previously published extended X-ray sources. Of note is JKSC 041 for which we identify possible structures at z = 0.8, z = 0.96, z = 1.13 and z = 1.49. We also make an independent detection of the massive cluster, XMMXCS J2215.9-1738. We use the z > 1.1 catalogue to compare the cluster number counts in these fields with models based on WMAP 7-year cosmology and find that the models slightly over-predict the observations, whilst at z>1.5 we do not detect any clusters. We note that cluster number counts at z > 1.1 are highly sensitive to the cosmological model, however a significant reduction in present statistical (due to available survey area) and systematic (due to cluster scaling relations) uncertainties is required in order to confidently constrain cosmological parameters using cluster number counts at high redshift.Comment: 22 pages, 22 figures, Accepted 4 August 201

Ecological knowledge and value of traded species: Local awareness of native turtles in Hainan, China

Wildlife trade is driving species extinctions globally, and the Asian Turtle Crisis is posing a threat in China as turtle species are collected from the wild and sold at high prices. Local ecological knowledge is increasingly used to determine the status of threatened taxa, but there is little understanding of wider relationships between indices of ecological knowledge and other conservation-relevant factors such as market values of traded species. To assess whether local people's awareness of potentially traded turtles might indicate direct interaction with trade in these species, we conducted 185 interviews in rural villages around Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Interviewees were asked to free-list native turtles to determine species salience and then were shown photographs of the species to assess recognition and knowledge. We investigated relationships between species' salience, whether species were recognized, named and/or perceived to be traded by more people, and independently obtained market prices. Indices of species awareness varied among interviewees, but all species were reported to be traded by at least some people. There was no correlation between indices of awareness and market value, indicating that more valuable species were no more likely to be well known. However, the perception that turtles are traded irrespective of species is a concern for conservation because all species are then vulnerable to exploitation. Our results highlight that local communities should not be assumed to have accurate knowledge of traded species, with implications for the management of wildlife trade and conservation at the community level

X-Ray Groups of Galaxies in the Aegis Deep and Wide Fields

We present the results of a search for extended X-ray sources and their corresponding galaxy groups from 800-ks Chandra coverage of the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS). This yields one of the largest X-ray selected galaxy group catalogs from a blind survey to date. The red-sequence technique and spectroscopic redshifts allow us to identify 100$$ of reliable sources, leading to a catalog of 52 galaxy groups. The groups span the redshift range $z\sim0.066-1.544$ and virial mass range $M_{200}\sim1.34\times 10^{13}-1.33\times 10^{14}M_\odot$. For the 49 extended sources which lie within DEEP2 and DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey coverage, we identify spectroscopic counterparts and determine velocity dispersions. We select member galaxies by applying different cuts along the line of sight or in projected spatial coordinates. A constant cut along the line of sight can cause a large scatter in scaling relations in low-mass or high-mass systems depending on the size of cut. A velocity dispersion based virial radius can more overestimate velocity dispersion in comparison to X-ray based virial radius for low mass systems. There is no significant difference between these two radial cuts for more massive systems. Independent of radial cut, overestimation of velocity dispersion can be created in case of existence of significant substructure and also compactness in X-ray emission which mostly occur in low mass systems. We also present a comparison between X-ray galaxy groups and optical galaxy groups detected using the Voronoi-Delaunay method (VDM) for DEEP2 data in this field.Comment: Accepted for publication in AP

Single infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis or Ranavirus does not increase probability of co-infection in a montane community of amphibians.

Understanding the occurrence and consequence of co-infections can be useful in designing disease management interventions. Amphibians are the most highly threatened vertebrates, and emerging pathogens are a serious threat to their conservation. The amphibian chytrid fungus and the viruses of the Ranavirus genus are already widely distributed, causing disease outbreaks and population declines worldwide. However, we lack information about the occurrence and consequences of coinfection with these pathogens across age-classes of amphibian hosts. Here, we analyze the occurrence of infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus and ranaviruses during one season in two susceptible amphibian species at two different locations at which outbreaks have occurred. We found that the co-occurrence of both pathogens in a particular host is not common except in highly susceptible life-stages, and that single infections are the most common situation. Moreover, we found that the occurrence of one pathogen in a particular host did not predict the occurrence of the other. We attribute these results to the niches in which both pathogens proliferate in amphibian hosts