Entorno Familiar del Adulto Mayor en los Centros Vida de la Comuna 4 de la Ciudad de Villavicencio, 2016

76 h.Debido al aumento de la esperanza de vida y a la disminución de la tasa de fecundidad, la proporción de personas mayores de 60 años está aumentando más rápidamente que cualquier otro grupo de edad en casi todos los países. Se estima que en el mundo hay unos 605 millones de personas de más de 60 años. La proporción de personas de edad seguirá aumentando durante las próximas décadas. Para el año 2025 se estima que habrá 1.200 millones de personas de edad en todo el mundo y dos de cada tres vivirán en países en desarrollo. Hace medio siglo la mayoría de las personas moría antes de cumplir los 50. Los estereotipos negativos asociados con la vejez comienzan a desaparecer cuando las personas de edad continúan siendo activas. Esto es esencial para crear una comunidad armoniosa e intergeneracional en la cual las personas de edad puedan contribuir plenamente en la sociedad, la integración dentro de la familia y la comunidad, la independencia y la participación son beneficiosas para la salud y ayudan a reforzar la dignidad de las personas en todas las edades.Resultado para Optar el Título de Especialista en Salud Familiar. Proyecto EPI (Especialista en Salud Familiar) Universidad de los Llanos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud., 2016EspecializaciónEspecializaciones en Salud Familia

Characteristics of leprosy patients and household contacts (HHCs).

<p>Characteristics of leprosy patients and household contacts (HHCs).</p

Genotyping of <i>M</i>. <i>leprae</i> isolates of the index case and HHC new case.

<p>Genotyping of <i>M</i>. <i>leprae</i> isolates of the index case and HHC new case.</p

Loci characteristics and primers used for <i>M</i>. <i>leprae</i> typing.

<p>Loci characteristics and primers used for <i>M</i>. <i>leprae</i> typing.</p

Vaccines for Leprosy and Tuberculosis: Opportunities for Shared Research, Development, and Application

Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy still represent significant public health challenges, especially in low- and lower middle-income countries. Both poverty-related mycobacterial diseases require better tools to improve disease control. For leprosy, there has been an increased emphasis on developing tools for improved detection of infection and early diagnosis of disease. For TB, there has been a similar emphasis on such diagnostic tests, while increased research efforts have also focused on the development of new vaccines. Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only available TB vaccine, provides insufficient and inconsistent protection to pulmonary TB in adults. The impact of BCG on leprosy, however, is significant, and the introduction of new TB vaccines that might replace BCG could, therefore, have serious impact also on leprosy. Given the similarities in antigenic makeup between the pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and M. leprae, it is well possible, however, that new TB vaccines could cross-protect against leprosy. New TB subunit vaccines currently evaluated in human phase I and II studies indeed often contain antigens with homologs in M. leprae. In this review, we discuss pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of subunit or whole mycobacterial vaccines for TB and leprosy and reflect on the development of vaccines that could provide protection against both diseases. Furthermore, we provide the first preclinical evidence of such cross-protection by Mtb antigen 85B (Ag85B)-early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) fusion recombinant proteins in in vivo mouse models of Mtb and M. leprae infection. We propose that preclinical integration and harmonization of TB and leprosy research should be considered and included in global strategies with respect to cross-protective vaccine research and development

Enhancing waste management strategies in Latin America under a holistic environmental assessment perspective: A review for policy support

Waste remains a serious environmental and human health hazard in developing nations, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). Despite important breakthroughs in waste management in LA&C, the region still faces many challenges that require special attention, such as the existence of uncontrolled open dumpsters (33%) or the low recovery rates of waste fractions (below 4%). Moreover, the adoption of sophisticated waste management technologies, such as incineration or anaerobic digestion, is still lagging. This review paper provides environmentally-sound and relevant policy support for municipal solid waste management stakeholders through a critical review of the current situation of the waste management sector in LA&C from an environmental perspective. Thereafter, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) bibliography linked to waste management, namely collection, sorting, recycling and landfilling applications and technologies worldwide, is used in order to understand potential alternative waste management strategies in LA&C, as well as the potential environmental benefits that could be attained. Finally, based on the holistic review and analysis, the adoption of more sophisticated technologies in landfill sites (e.g. landfill gas flaring), waste-to-energy, as well as higher recycling rates, would enhance waste management in the region and mitigate environmental impacts. A holistic view to support policy formulations, including climate action, for the adoption of integrated waste management strategies in LA&C is imperative.This work has been supported by the Cantabrian government R&D project 2018-2020 entitled “Obtaining, processing and dissemination of data on production and waste management and adaptation of the current indicators to the new waste plan of Cantabria”

Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND: We evaluated whether rivaroxaban alone or in combination with aspirin would be more effective than aspirin alone for secondary cardiovascular prevention. METHODS: In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 27,395 participants with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease to receive rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin (100 mg once daily), rivaroxaban (5 mg twice daily), or aspirin (100 mg once daily). The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, or myocardial infarction. The study was stopped for superiority of the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group after a mean follow-up of 23 months. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in fewer patients in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group than in the aspirin-alone group (379 patients [4.1%] vs. 496 patients [5.4%]; hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.86; P<0.001; z=−4.126), but major bleeding events occurred in more patients in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group (288 patients [3.1%] vs. 170 patients [1.9%]; hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.40 to 2.05; P<0.001). There was no significant difference in intracranial or fatal bleeding between these two groups. There were 313 deaths (3.4%) in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group as compared with 378 (4.1%) in the aspirin-alone group (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.96; P=0.01; threshold P value for significance, 0.0025). The primary outcome did not occur in significantly fewer patients in the rivaroxaban-alone group than in the aspirin-alone group, but major bleeding events occurred in more patients in the rivaroxaban-alone group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease, those assigned to rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin had better cardiovascular outcomes and more major bleeding events than those assigned to aspirin alone. Rivaroxaban (5 mg twice daily) alone did not result in better cardiovascular outcomes than aspirin alone and resulted in more major bleeding events