Construction of chromosome segment substitution lines in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using a wild synthetic and QTL mapping for plant morphology

Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) are powerful QTL mapping populations that have been used to elucidate the molecular basis of interesting traits of wild species. Cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid with limited genetic diversity. Capturing the genetic diversity from peanut wild relatives is an important objective in many peanut breeding programs. In this study, we used a marker-assisted backcrossing strategy to produce a population of 122 CSSLs from the cross between the wild synthetic allotetraploid (A. ipae¨nsis6A. duranensis)4x and the cultivated Fleur11 variety. The 122 CSSLs offered a broad coverage of the peanut genome, with target wild chromosome segments averaging 39.2 cM in length. As a demonstration of the utility of these lines, four traits were evaluated in a subset of 80 CSSLs. A total of 28 lines showed significant differences from Fleur11. The line6trait significant associations were assigned to 42 QTLs: 14 for plant growth habit, 15 for height of the main stem, 12 for plant spread and one for flower color. Among the 42 QTLs, 37 were assigned to genomic regions and three QTL positions were considered putative. One important finding arising from this QTL analysis is that peanut growth habit is a complex trait that is governed by several QTLs with different effects. The CSSL population developed in this study has proved efficient for deciphering the molecular basis of trait variations and will be useful to the peanut scientific community for future QTL mapping studies. (Résumé d'auteur

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

European Community Trade Policies Vis-À-Vis Korea and Taiwan in the Eighties: A Comparative Perspective

This article will review the trade policies of the European Community towards Korea and Taiwan over the past ten years. This time period has been chosen for two reasons. In the first place, ten years ago, on November 28, 1979, the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations was concluded. At that time, the Tokyo Round was the most comprehensive GATT negotiating round ever, both in terms of trade value affected and in terms of its coverage of topics. An interesting question, therefore, is to what extent the 1979 commitments to trade liberalization were actually kept. Secondly, during the last decade countries such as Korea and Taiwan have become extremely competitive and have started to become a threat to European manufacturers. In addition, the EC has run a persistent trade deficit with these countries in recent years. It is only against such a background that one can expect trade policy responses

Droit européen de la concurrence

EUROJM, EUROEM, DPRIV5, DRPUBL5, DRECONM, DRINTMU, DRINTMR, ECONOMRE - DROI028SYL-007439 = Premire partie ;SYL-007438 = Deuxième Partieinfo:eu-repo/semantics/published

Droit européen de la concurrence

SYL-001679 = Partie 1 ;SYL-001680 = Partie 21re édition 1998-1999/1DROI 028info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Droit européen de la concurrence

SYL-8718 = Première partie ;SYL-8719 = Deuxième partieEUROJM, EUROEM, DPRIV5, DRPUBL5, DRECONM, DRINTMU, DRINTMR, ECONOMRE, DROI028info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Droit européen de la concurrence

SYL-7609 = Première partie ;SYL-7760 = Deuxième partie2e édition 2000-01/1EUROJM, EUROEM, DPRIV5, DRPUBL5, DRECONM, DRINTMU, DRINTMR, ECONOMBRE, DROI028info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Lack of clear regulatory framework on safeguards, government procurement and subsidies

The Uruguay Round produced the first ever set of rules regulating the trade in services, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). For the first time since the GATT had came into effect in 1948, internationally agreed rules and commitments, broadly comparable with those of the GATT, became applicable to the trade in services That the GATS was created should not be interpreted as meaning that themany different views expressedduring its negotiationwere successfully resolved. An agreement on GATS rules could only be reached at the end of the Uruguay Round, and, in order to arrive at an agreement, Members decided to include only basic and commonly accepted rules. Contentious issues or rules, such as safeguards, government procurement and subsidies, which needed to be further defined, were not therefore included in the GATS. Members generally agreed that the negotiations which were carried out during the Uruguay Round on an emergency safeguard mechanism, government procurement and subsidies and countervailing measures (hereinafter ‘GATS rules’) had to be continued. Members recognised that the relationship between these issues and the trade in services had to be addressed. The mandate to engage or conclude negotiations on emergency safeguard measures, government procurement and subsidies is, thus, provided for in the GATS. In March 1995, the Council for Trade in Services established the Working Party on GATS Rules to carry out the negotiating mandates contained in the GATS on emergency safeguard measures, government procurement and subsidies. Since July 1995, negotiations on these three issues have been held within the Working Party.SCOPUS: ch.binfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe