7,813 research outputs found
Detection of a Hot Gaseous Halo Around the Giant Spiral Galaxy NGC 1961
Hot gaseous halos are predicted around all large galaxies and are critically
important for our understanding of galaxy formation, but they have never been
detected at distances beyond a few kpc around a spiral galaxy. We used the
Chandra ACIS-I instrument to search for diffuse X-ray emission around an ideal
candidate galaxy: the isolated giant spiral NGC 1961. We observed four
quadrants around the galaxy for 30 ks each, carefully subtracting background
and point source emission, and found diffuse emission that appears to extend to
40-50 kpc. We fit -models to the emission, and estimate a hot halo mass
within 50 kpc of . When this profile is extrapolated to
500 kpc (the approximate virial radius), the implied hot halo mass is
. These mass estimates assume a gas metallicity of
. This galaxy's hot halo is a large reservoir of gas, but
falls significantly below observational upper limits set by pervious searches,
and suggests that NGC 1961 is missing 75% of its baryons relative to the cosmic
mean, which would tentatively place it below an extrapolation of the baryon
Tully-Fisher relationship of less massive galaxies. The cooling rate of the gas
is no more than 0.4 /year, more than an order of magnitude below the
gas consumption rate through star formation. We discuss the implications of
this halo for galaxy formation models.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figures, accepted to ApJ. Updated to include journal ref
and small changes added in proof
Bose-Einstein condensation with magnetic dipole-dipole forces
Ground-state solutions in a dilute gas interacting via contact and magnetic
dipole-dipole forces are investigated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the
first example of studies of the Bose-Einstein condensation in a system with
realistic long-range interactions. We find that for the magnetic moment of e.g.
chromium and a typical value of the scattering length all solutions are stable
and only differ in size from condensates without long-range interactions. By
lowering the value of the scattering length we find a region of unstable
solutions. In the neighborhood of this region the ground state wavefunctions
show internal structures not seen before in condensates. Finally, we find an
analytic estimate for the characteristic length appearing in these solutions.Comment: final version, 4 pages, 4 figure
Do Hot Haloes Around Galaxies Contain the Missing Baryons?
Galaxies are missing most of their baryons, and many models predict these
baryons lie in a hot halo around galaxies. We establish observationally
motivated constraints on the mass and radii of these haloes using a variety of
independent arguments. First, the observed dispersion measure of pulsars in the
Large Magellanic Cloud allows us to constrain the hot halo around the Milky
Way: if it obeys the standard NFW profile, it must contain less than 4-5% of
the missing baryons from the Galaxy. This is similar to other upper limits on
the Galactic hot halo, such as the soft X-ray background and the pressure
around high velocity clouds. Second, we note that the X-ray surface brightness
of hot haloes with NFW profiles around large isolated galaxies is high enough
that such emission should be observed, unless their haloes contain less than
10-25% of their missing baryons. Third, we place constraints on the column
density of hot haloes using nondetections of OVII absorption along AGN
sightlines: in general they must contain less than 70% of the missing baryons
or extend to no more than 40 kpc. Flattening the density profile of galactic
hot haloes weakens the surface brightness constraint so that a typical L
galaxy may hold half its missing baryons in its halo, but the OVII constraint
remains unchanged, and around the Milky Way a flattened profile may only hold
of the missing baryons from the Galaxy (). We also show that AGN and supernovae at low to moderate redshift -
the theoretical sources of winds responsible for driving out the missing
baryons - do not produce the expected correlations with the baryonic
Tully-Fisher relationship and so are insufficient to explain the missing
baryons from galaxies. We conclude that most of missing baryons from galaxies
do not lie in hot haloes around the galaxies, and that the missing baryons
never fell into the potential wells of protogalaxies in the first place. They
may have been expelled from the galaxies as part of the process of galaxy
formation.Comment: accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
N-body Models of Rotating Globular Clusters
We have studied the dynamical evolution of rotating globular clusters with
direct -body models. Our initial models are rotating King models; we
obtained results for both equal-mass systems and systems composed out of two
mass components. Previous investigations using a Fokker-Planck solver have
revealed that rotation has a noticeable influence on stellar systems like
globular clusters, which evolve by two-body relaxation. In particular, it
accelerates their dynamical evolution through the gravogyro instability. We
have validated the occurence of the gravogyro instability with direct -body
models. In the case of systems composed out of two mass components, mass
segregation takes place, which competes with the rotation in the acceleration
of the core collapse. The "accelerating" effect of rotation has not been
detected in our isolated two-mass -body models. Last, but not least, we have
looked at rotating -body models in a tidal field within the tidal
approximation. It turns out that rotation increases the escape rate
significantly. A difference between retrograde and prograde rotating star
clusters occurs with respect to the orbit of the star cluster around the
Galaxy, which is due to the presence of a ``third integral'' and chaotic
scattering, respectively.Comment: 16 pages, 17 figures, accepted by MNRA
Prioritizing Environmental Issues around the World: Opinions from an International Central and Eastern European Environmental Health Conference
BACKGROUND: As the next generation of scientists enters the field of environmental health, it is imperative that they view their contributions in the context of global environmental stewardship. In this commentary, a group of international graduate students facilitated by three experienced environmental health scientists present their views on what they consider to be the global environmental health concerns of today. This group convened initially in October 2004 at an international health conference in Prague, Czech Republic. OBJECTIVES: In this report we identify perceived environmental health concerns that exist around the world, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe. Additionally, we address these perceived problems and offers some potential solutions. DISCUSSION: At the meeting, students were invited to participate in two panel discussions. One group of young international scientists identified several significant global environmental health concerns, including air pollution, occupational hazards, and risk factors that may exacerbate current environmental health issues. The second panel determined that communication, education, and regulation were the mechanisms for addressing current environmental challenges. CONCLUSIONS: In this commentary we expand on the views presented at the meeting and represent the concerns of young investigators from nine different countries. We provide ideas about and support the exchange of information between developed and developing countries on how to handle the environmental health challenges that face the world today
Correlates of Successful Aging in Racial and Ethnic Minority Women Age 80 Years and Older: Findings from the Women’s Health Initiative
BACKGROUND: Most research has focused on definitions and predictors of successful aging. However, racial/ethnic minorities are often under represented in this research. Given that the U.S. population is aging and becoming more racially diverse, we examined correlates of "successful aging," as defined by physical functioning and overall quality of life (QOL), among racial/ethnic minority women aged 80 years and older in the Women's Health Initiative.
METHODS: Participants included 1,924 racial/ethnic minority women (African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanic/Latinos, and American Indian/Alaskan Natives) 80 years of age and older who are enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative and have physical functioning data after turning 80 years of age. Analysis of covariance was used to examine between and within group differences in physical functioning and selfrated overall QOL for African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic/Latinos.
RESULTS: We found no significant differences in physical functioning between racial/ethnic minority groups in adjusted analyses. However, overall QOL was significantly different between racial/ethnic minority groups. Age, recreational physical activity, and overall selfrated health were independent correlates of physical functioning across racial/ethnic minority groups, whereas overall selfrated health was the only consistent correlate of overall QOL across the minority groups for the within minority group comparisons.
CONCLUSIONS: Between racial/ethnic minority group differences in physical functioning are largely explained by demographic, psychosocial, behavioral, and health-related variables. We found statistically significant differences in selfrated overall QOL between racial/ethnic minority groups
Strongly correlated s-wave pairing in the n-type infinite-layer cuprate
Quasiparticle tunneling spectra of the electron-doped (n-type) infinite-layer
cuprate Sr_{0.9}La_{0.1}CuO_2 reveal characteristics that counter a number of
common phenomena in the hole-doped (p-type) cuprates. The optimally doped
Sr_{0.9}La_{0.1}CuO_2 with T_c = 43 K exhibits a momentum-independent
superconducting gap \Delta = 13.0 +- 1.0 meV that substantially exceeds the BCS
value, and the spectral characteristics indicate insignificant quasiparticle
damping by spin fluctuations and the absence of pseudogap. The response to
quantum impurities in the Cu-sites also differs fundamentally from that of the
p-type cuprates with d_{x^2-y^2}-wave pairing symmetry.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Published in Physical Review Letter.
Corresponding author: Nai-Chang Yeh (e-mail: [email protected]
A Census of Oxygen in Star-Forming Galaxies: An Empirical Model Linking Metallicities, Star Formation Rates and Outflows
In this contribution we present the first census of oxygen in star-forming
galaxies in the local universe. We examine three samples of galaxies with
metallicities and star formation rates at z = 0.07, 0.8 and 2.26, including the
SDSS and DEEP2 surveys. We infer the total mass of oxygen produced and mass of
oxygen found in the gas-phase from our local SDSS sample. The star formation
history is determined by requiring that galaxies evolve along the relation
between stellar mass and star formation rate observed in our three samples. We
show that the observed relation between stellar mass and star formation rate
for our three samples is consistent with other samples in the literature. The
mass-metallicity relation is well established for our three samples and from
this we empirically determine the chemical evolution of star-forming galaxies.
Thus, we are able to simultaneously constrain the star formation rates and
metallicities of galaxies over cosmic time allowing us to estimate the mass of
oxygen locked up in stars. Combining this work with independent measurements
reported in the literature we conclude that the loss of oxygen from the
interstellar medium of local star-forming galaxies is likely to be a ubiquitous
process with the oxygen mass loss scaling (almost) linearly with stellar mass.
We estimate the total baryonic mass loss and argue that only a small fraction
of the baryons inferred from cosmological observations accrete onto galaxies.Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
The quality of energy- and macronutrient-balanced diets regulates host susceptibility to influenza in mice
Modulation of individual macronutrients or caloric density is known to regulate host resistance to infection in mice. However, the impact of diet composition, independent of macronutrient and energy content, on infection susceptibility is unclear. We show that two laboratory rodent diets, widely used as standard animal feeds and experimental controls, display distinct abilities in supporting mice during influenza infection. Mice placed on the highly processed AIN93G showed increased mortality to infection compared with those on a grain-based chow diet, suggesting a detrimental role for highly processed food in host defense. We further demonstrate that the heightened susceptibility of AIN93G-fed mice was associated with the failure in homeostasis restoration mediated by the cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ. Our findings show that diet composition calibrates host survival threshold by regulating adaptive homeostasis and highlights a pivotal role for extrinsic signals in host phenotype and outcome of host-pathogen interaction
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