L'européanisation des PME outil d'information et méthode d'analyse (the europeanisation of SMES informational tool and method of analysis)

L’élargissement de l’Union européenne offre aux entreprises des opportunités nouvelles, qu’elles pourront saisir si l’information et les connaissances dont elles disposent sont suffisantes. Cet article a un double objectif : il propose un outil pour les PME qui souhaitent étendre leur activité en Europe. Celui-ci est fondé sur la constitution d’un ensemble informationnel rassemblant l’information utile à un tel projet innovant, classée selon les pôles du système de gestion de la PME (activité, entrepreneur, ressources financières, organisation et environnement). Le schéma proposé constitue aussi une méthode d’analyse de l’européanisation des PME, testée par le biais d’une enquête de terrain, dont la problématique et les résultats sont ici présentés. Ceux-ci corroborent en grande partie des résultats plus globaux portant sur ce thème. EU enlargement gives new opportunities to enterprises, which they will be able to catch if they have access to enough information and knowledge. This paper has a twofold aim: it proposes a tool for SMEs willing to extend their activity in Europe. This tool is based on the formation of an informational set gathering the information useful to such an innovative project, filed according to the poles of the SMEs’management system (activity, entrepreneur, financial resources, organisation and environment). This scheme also constitutes a method of analysis of the extension of SMEs’activities in Europe, tested through a survey, whose problematic and results are here presented. The results largely corroborate more global ones dealing with this topic.Europe, SME’s, informational tool

A coordinative saturated vanadium containing metal organic framework that shows a remarkable catalytic activity

A completely saturated Metal Organic Framework, MIL-47 was synthesized and tested for its catalytic performance in the oxidation of cyclohexene with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant. The catalyst was compared to several reference catalysts: namely VAPO-5, supported VOx/SiO2 and the homogeneous catalyst VO(acac)(2). MIL-47 shows a remarkable catalytic activity and preserves its crystalline structure and surface area after a catalytic run. Furthermore MIL-47 exhibits a very high activity in successive runs

Capturing nonlinear dynamics of two-fluid Couette flows with asymptotic models

The nonlinear stability of two-fluid Couette flows is studied using a novel evolution equation whose dynamics are validated by direct numerical simulations (DNS). The evolution equation incorporates inertial effects at arbitrary Reynolds numbers through a non-local term arising from the coupling between the two fluid regions, and is valid when one of the layers is thin. The equation predicts asymmetric solutions and exhibits bistability, features that are essential observations in the experiments of Barthelet et al. (1995). Related low-inertia models have been used in qualitative predictions rather than the direct comparisons carried out here, and ad hoc modifications appear to be necessary in order to predict asymmetry and bistability. Comparisons between model solutions and DNS show excellent agreement at Reynolds numbers of O(10³) found in the experiments. Direct comparisons are also made with the available experimental results of Barthelet et al. (1995) when the thin layer occupies 1/5 of the channel height. Pointwise comparisons of the travelling wave shapes are carried out and once again the agreement is very good

catena-Poly[[aqua­dipyridine­copper(II)]-μ-fumarato]

The title compound, [Cu(C4H2O4)(C5H5N)2(H2O)]n, is a one-dimensional coordination polymer based on pyridine and fumarate ligands. Each CuII cation is coordinated by two carboxyl­ate O atoms belonging to two fumarate anions, two N atoms from two pyridine mol­ecules and one water mol­ecule, in a square-based pyramidal geometry. Each fumarate anion bridges two CuII cations through the two carboxyl­ate groups in a bis-monodentate fashion to form a one-dimensional polymeric chain along the c axis. Neighbouring chains are linked together to form a two-dimensional network parallel to the ac plane via hydrogen bonding inter­actions between uncoordinated carboxyl­ate O atoms and coordinated water mol­ecules of adjecent chains

Pyridinium diaqua­bis­(methyl­enediphospho­nato-κ2 O,O′)chromate(III) tetra­hydrate

In the title complex, (C5H6N)[Cr(CH4O6P2)2(H2O)2]·4H2O, the CrIII atom, lying on an inversion centre, is coordinated by two bidentate methyl­ene diphospho­nate ligands and two water molecules in a distorted octa­hedral coordination geometry. The pyridinium cation is located on an inversion centre, with an N atom and a C atom sharing a position each at a half occupancy. A three-dimensional network is constructed by O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the pyridin­ium cation, complex anion and uncoordinated water mol­ecules

Dipotassium diaqua­bis(methyl­enedi­phospho­nato-κ2 O,O′)cobaltate(II)

In the title complex, K2[Co(CH4O6P2)2(H2O)2], the asymmetric unit contains two K+ cations and two half-anions in which the Co atoms lie on inversion centers. The CoII ions assume an octa­hedral CoO6 coordination geometry. In the crystal, a three-dimensional network is formed through O—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions as well as inter­molecular inter­actions between the K+ cations and neighbouring O atoms

Modelling the Interfacial Flow of Two Immiscible Liquids in Mixing Processes

This paper presents an interface tracking method for modelling the flow of immiscible metallic liquids in mixing processes. The methodology can provide an insight into mixing processes for studying the fundamental morphology development mechanisms for immiscible interfaces. The volume-of-fluid (VOF) method is adopted in the present study, following a review of various modelling approaches for immiscible fluid systems. The VOF method employed here utilises the piecewise linear for interface construction scheme as well as the continuum surface force algorithm for surface force modelling. A model coupling numerical and experimental data is established. The main flow features in the mixing process are investigated. It is observed that the mixing of immiscible metallic liquids is strongly influenced by the viscosity of the system, shear forces and turbulence. The numerical results show good qualitative agreement with experimental results, and are useful for optimisating the design of mixing casting processes

Ocean circulation and Tropical Variability in the Coupled Model ECHAM5/MPI-OM

This paper describes the mean ocean circulation and the tropical variability simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). Results are presented from a version of the coupled model that served as a prototype for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations. The model does not require flux adjustment to maintain a stable climate. A control simulation with present-day greenhouse gases is analyzed, and the simulation of key oceanic features, such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), large-scale circulation, meridional heat and freshwater transports, and sea ice are compared with observations. A parameterization that accounts for the effect of ocean currents on surface wind stress is implemented in the model. The largest impact of this parameterization is in the tropical Pacific, where the mean state is significantly improved: the strength of the trade winds and the associated equatorial upwelling weaken, and there is a reduction of the model’s equatorial cold SST bias by more than 1 K. Equatorial SST variability also becomes more realistic. The strength of the variability is reduced by about 30% in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the extension of SST variability into the warm pool is significantly reduced. The dominant El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period shifts from 3 to 4 yr. Without the parameterization an unrealistically strong westward propagation of SST anomalies is simulated. The reasons for the changes in variability are linked to changes in both the mean state and to a reduction in atmospheric sensitivity to SST changes and oceanic sensitivity to wind anomalies