33 research outputs found

    Theranostics in radiology : development of targeted contrast media with treatment capability

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    Imaging is essential in the diagnostics and medicine of today. The development of new contrast agents is important for obtaining specific information from images and to distinguish disease. Microbubbles (MB) have previously been introduced as a contrast agent for ultrasound. By incorporating super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) to the polymer matrix of the MB or between its shell layers we obtain a contrast media for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); while functionalizing the MB by ligands for labeling with 99mTc enables imaging using Single-Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT). The use of hybrid SPECT- and Computed Tomography (CT) or MRI systems enables fusion of the images from the different modalities to obtain SPECT/CT or SPECT/MR images. In the research underlying this thesis we investigated the preclinical characteristics, biodistribution and kinetics of several types of MB in Sprague Dawley rats by injecting single- and multiple layer SPION MB as well as ligand functionalized- and SPION MB labeled with 99mTc. The results obtained from imaging was correlated and compared to the histopathology of MB findings in organs. Moreover, mice were injected with Alexa-680 Vivo Tag labeled MB for imaging using a pre-clinical In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS)/ÎŒCT. Sprague Dawley rats (300 ± 50 g) were injected with single layer SPION-, multiple layer SPION-, 99mTc-labeled ligand functionalized diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA)-, thiolated poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA)-, chitosan-, 1,4,7- triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA)-, NOTA-SPION- or DTPA-SPION MB intravenously (i.v.) through the tail vein. The rats injected with SPION MB were scanned using MRI, while the rats injected with 99mTc-labeled DTPA-, PMAA-, chitosan- or NOTA MB were scanned using SPECT/CT. The rats injected with NOTA- SPION- or DTPA-SPION MB were co-registrated using SPECT/CT and MRI. The organs from rats injected with the nuclear medicine marker were removed post mortem and measured for radioactivity. The rats injected with SPION MB were sacrificed and their organs were removed post mortem for histopathology examination using Perls’ Prussian blue staining to show iron content and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to visualize macrophage uptake of MB. Mice (30 ± 5 g) were injected with multiple layer fluorescence Alexa-680 MB and imaged using IVIS. Their organs were removed post mortem and examined using pathology and the fluorescence of MB was visualized under the microscope. The uptake of MB was mainly seen in the lungs and liver 1-2 h post-injection, while the main distribution of MB at 24 h post-injection was seen in the liver. In conclusion the MB matrix can be functionalized by ligands, labeled by SPION, 99mTc and fluorescence Alexa-680 Vivo Tag to enable its visualization in vivo using multimodal imaging SPECT/CT, SPECT/MRI or IVIS/ÎŒCT. Furthermore we have shown that MB can be loaded with cytostatic- or inflammatory drugs for theranostics. Future studies regarding MB should address toxicity and efficiency in drug loading and delivery

    Longitudinal Imaging of the Ageing Mouse

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    Several non-invasive imaging techniques are used to investigate the effect of pathologies and treatments over time in mouse models. Each preclinical in vivo technique provides longitudinal and quantitative measurements of changes in tissues and organs, which are fundamental for the evaluation of alterations in phenotype due to pathologies, interventions and treatments. However, it is still unclear how these imaging modalities can be used to study ageing with mice models. Almost all age related pathologies in mice such as osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, thrombi, dementia, to name a few, can be imaged in vivo by at least one longitudinal imaging modality. These measurements are the basis for quantification of treatment effects in the development phase of a novel treatment prior to its clinical testing. Furthermore, the non-invasive nature of such investigations allows the assessment of different tissue and organ phenotypes in the same animal and over time, providing the opportunity to study the dysfunction of multiple tissues associated with the ageing process. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the applications of the most commonly used in vivo imaging modalities used in mouse studies: micro-computed-tomography, preclinical magnetic-resonance-imaging, preclinical positron-emission-tomography, preclinical single photon emission computed tomography, ultrasound, intravital microscopy, and whole body optical imaging

    Signaldetektionsteorin som juridiskt analysverktyg : En studie av allmÀnhetens beviskrav och fördomar

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    En teori för analys av beslut dÄ valet stÄr mellan tvÄ klasser av svar dÀr osÀkerhet finns Àr signaldetektionsteorin. Syftet med detta arbete Àr att undersöka om allmÀnhetens uppfattning om en tilltalads skuld eller oskuld pÄverkas av bevismÀngden samt om etniska fördomar inverkar pÄ bedömningen, med signaldetektionsteorin som analysverktyg. Undersökningsdeltagarens (ud) uppgift var att lÀsa tvÄ beskrivningar av fiktiva hÀndelser för att sedan besvara hur ud bedömer situationen. Texten bestod av en beskrivning av tvÄ mÄl dÀr en person stÄr Ätalad för stöld i det ena och för misshandel i det andra samt vilken bevisning som Äklagaren har Äberopat i de bÄda mÄlen. I stöldmÄlet representerades signalen av en större mÀngd bevisning, vilket förvÀntades öka ud:s sÀkerhet för att den tilltalade Àr skyldig, och i misshandelsmÄlet av ett utlÀndskt namn, vilket förvÀntades vÀcka fördomar och dÀrigenom uppfattas som ett indicium i sig. Ud gavs möjligheten att svara huruvida han/hon bedömer den tilltalade som skyldig eller oskyldig och hur sÀker han/hon Àr med alternativen sÀker, tror eller gissar. Resultatet i stöldmÄlet visar pÄ den förvÀntade effekten, d.v.s. att en större mÀngd bevisning ökade ud:s sÀkerhet för att den tilltalade var skyldig. I misshandelsmÄlet visar resultatet pÄ en effekt, om Àn svagare, men motsatt den som förvÀntades. HÀnsyn bör tas till det ringa antalet undersökningsdeltagare

    Population trends and carrying capacity for eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Östergötland

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    Jordens biologiska mĂ„ngfald minskar i en allt snabbare takt, men mitt i denna ekologiska katastrof börjar arter pĂ„ vissa hĂ„ll att Ă„terkomma. De stora rovdjuren i Europa Ă€r ett sĂ„dant exempel. FrĂ„n att ha varit försvunna frĂ„n stora delar av sina utbredningsomrĂ„den Ă€r de flesta populationer numera stabila eller ökande. I Skandinavien har lodjurspopulationen expanderat och efter nĂ€rmare 100 Ă„rs reproduktiv frĂ„nvaro förekommer Ă„ter föryngringar i Sydsverige. I Östergötland finns i dagslĂ€get ca 50–55 individer och mycket tyder pĂ„ att stammen kommer att fortsĂ€tta öka. Genom att sammanstĂ€lla och analysera data frĂ„n inventeringsrapporter, observationsloggar och avskjutningsstatistik har jag undersökt lodjurspopulationens utveckling i Östergötland och berĂ€knat lĂ€nets bĂ€rkraft för lo. BerĂ€kningen av bĂ€rkraften har utgĂ„tt frĂ„n klövviltförekomsten samt mĂ€ngden lĂ€mpligt habitat. Resultaten visar att Östergötland har gott om lĂ€mpligt habitat och en hög bytesdensitet, som Ă€r jĂ€mförbar med flera lodjurstĂ€ta omrĂ„den i Europa. Givet dessa förutsĂ€ttningar har Östergötland en bĂ€rkraft för lo som ligger lĂ„ngt över dagens populationsnivĂ„. Uppskattningsvis kan Östergötland hĂ„lla mellan 80–140 sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga individer. Detta skulle innebĂ€ra en fördubbling av dagens antal och kunna leda till sĂ„vĂ€l positiva som negativa konsekvenser för samhĂ€llet. Lodjur kan innebĂ€ra ett hot mot tamboskap, men de senaste Ă„rens rapportering visar att angreppen orsakade av lodjur Ă€r begrĂ€nsade. Även pĂ„verkan pĂ„ klövviltstammarna Ă€r i dagslĂ€get försumbar. PĂ„ sikt skulle dock en större lodjurspopulation kunna reglera klövviltet och pĂ„ sĂ„ vis minska mĂ€ngden trafikolyckor och skador pĂ„ skog.Global biological diversity is declining at rates comparable to historic mass extinction events. Despite this, some species are returning to their former ranges, an example being the great carnivores in Europe. After being driven to the verge of extinction, most of today’s populations have recovered to a stable level. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) has re-expanded its range in Scandinavia and, after almost 100 years, is once again reproducing in southern Sweden. There are currently about 50-55 individuals in Östergötland county, and many factors implies that their number will continue to grow. By collecting and analysing data from different governmental reports and other sources I have tried to cover the development of Östergötland’s lynx population and to calculate the carrying capacity. The calculations are based on ungulate densities and amount of suitable habitat. The results of the study show that Östergötland contains a large amount of connected woodland habitat and high densities of prey, comparable to regions in Europe with high occurrence of lynx. Given these circumstances Östergötland has the capacity to support approximately 80-140 independent individuals. These numbers are twice as large as today’s population level and if reached could lead to positive as well as negative consequences for society. The lynx is a known threat to livestock but reports from recent years suggests that lynx attacks on sheep in Östergötland are limited. The effects of the current lynx population on ungulate demographics are also negligible. Although, these effects might increase with a larger lynx population, leading to lower rates of vehicle collisions and less damage in the forestry sector

    Population trends and carrying capacity for eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Östergötland

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    Jordens biologiska mĂ„ngfald minskar i en allt snabbare takt, men mitt i denna ekologiska katastrof börjar arter pĂ„ vissa hĂ„ll att Ă„terkomma. De stora rovdjuren i Europa Ă€r ett sĂ„dant exempel. FrĂ„n att ha varit försvunna frĂ„n stora delar av sina utbredningsomrĂ„den Ă€r de flesta populationer numera stabila eller ökande. I Skandinavien har lodjurspopulationen expanderat och efter nĂ€rmare 100 Ă„rs reproduktiv frĂ„nvaro förekommer Ă„ter föryngringar i Sydsverige. I Östergötland finns i dagslĂ€get ca 50–55 individer och mycket tyder pĂ„ att stammen kommer att fortsĂ€tta öka. Genom att sammanstĂ€lla och analysera data frĂ„n inventeringsrapporter, observationsloggar och avskjutningsstatistik har jag undersökt lodjurspopulationens utveckling i Östergötland och berĂ€knat lĂ€nets bĂ€rkraft för lo. BerĂ€kningen av bĂ€rkraften har utgĂ„tt frĂ„n klövviltförekomsten samt mĂ€ngden lĂ€mpligt habitat. Resultaten visar att Östergötland har gott om lĂ€mpligt habitat och en hög bytesdensitet, som Ă€r jĂ€mförbar med flera lodjurstĂ€ta omrĂ„den i Europa. Givet dessa förutsĂ€ttningar har Östergötland en bĂ€rkraft för lo som ligger lĂ„ngt över dagens populationsnivĂ„. Uppskattningsvis kan Östergötland hĂ„lla mellan 80–140 sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga individer. Detta skulle innebĂ€ra en fördubbling av dagens antal och kunna leda till sĂ„vĂ€l positiva som negativa konsekvenser för samhĂ€llet. Lodjur kan innebĂ€ra ett hot mot tamboskap, men de senaste Ă„rens rapportering visar att angreppen orsakade av lodjur Ă€r begrĂ€nsade. Även pĂ„verkan pĂ„ klövviltstammarna Ă€r i dagslĂ€get försumbar. PĂ„ sikt skulle dock en större lodjurspopulation kunna reglera klövviltet och pĂ„ sĂ„ vis minska mĂ€ngden trafikolyckor och skador pĂ„ skog.Global biological diversity is declining at rates comparable to historic mass extinction events. Despite this, some species are returning to their former ranges, an example being the great carnivores in Europe. After being driven to the verge of extinction, most of today’s populations have recovered to a stable level. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) has re-expanded its range in Scandinavia and, after almost 100 years, is once again reproducing in southern Sweden. There are currently about 50-55 individuals in Östergötland county, and many factors implies that their number will continue to grow. By collecting and analysing data from different governmental reports and other sources I have tried to cover the development of Östergötland’s lynx population and to calculate the carrying capacity. The calculations are based on ungulate densities and amount of suitable habitat. The results of the study show that Östergötland contains a large amount of connected woodland habitat and high densities of prey, comparable to regions in Europe with high occurrence of lynx. Given these circumstances Östergötland has the capacity to support approximately 80-140 independent individuals. These numbers are twice as large as today’s population level and if reached could lead to positive as well as negative consequences for society. The lynx is a known threat to livestock but reports from recent years suggests that lynx attacks on sheep in Östergötland are limited. The effects of the current lynx population on ungulate demographics are also negligible. Although, these effects might increase with a larger lynx population, leading to lower rates of vehicle collisions and less damage in the forestry sector

    Population trends and carrying capacity for eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Östergötland

    No full text
    Jordens biologiska mĂ„ngfald minskar i en allt snabbare takt, men mitt i denna ekologiska katastrof börjar arter pĂ„ vissa hĂ„ll att Ă„terkomma. De stora rovdjuren i Europa Ă€r ett sĂ„dant exempel. FrĂ„n att ha varit försvunna frĂ„n stora delar av sina utbredningsomrĂ„den Ă€r de flesta populationer numera stabila eller ökande. I Skandinavien har lodjurspopulationen expanderat och efter nĂ€rmare 100 Ă„rs reproduktiv frĂ„nvaro förekommer Ă„ter föryngringar i Sydsverige. I Östergötland finns i dagslĂ€get ca 50–55 individer och mycket tyder pĂ„ att stammen kommer att fortsĂ€tta öka. Genom att sammanstĂ€lla och analysera data frĂ„n inventeringsrapporter, observationsloggar och avskjutningsstatistik har jag undersökt lodjurspopulationens utveckling i Östergötland och berĂ€knat lĂ€nets bĂ€rkraft för lo. BerĂ€kningen av bĂ€rkraften har utgĂ„tt frĂ„n klövviltförekomsten samt mĂ€ngden lĂ€mpligt habitat. Resultaten visar att Östergötland har gott om lĂ€mpligt habitat och en hög bytesdensitet, som Ă€r jĂ€mförbar med flera lodjurstĂ€ta omrĂ„den i Europa. Givet dessa förutsĂ€ttningar har Östergötland en bĂ€rkraft för lo som ligger lĂ„ngt över dagens populationsnivĂ„. Uppskattningsvis kan Östergötland hĂ„lla mellan 80–140 sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga individer. Detta skulle innebĂ€ra en fördubbling av dagens antal och kunna leda till sĂ„vĂ€l positiva som negativa konsekvenser för samhĂ€llet. Lodjur kan innebĂ€ra ett hot mot tamboskap, men de senaste Ă„rens rapportering visar att angreppen orsakade av lodjur Ă€r begrĂ€nsade. Även pĂ„verkan pĂ„ klövviltstammarna Ă€r i dagslĂ€get försumbar. PĂ„ sikt skulle dock en större lodjurspopulation kunna reglera klövviltet och pĂ„ sĂ„ vis minska mĂ€ngden trafikolyckor och skador pĂ„ skog.Global biological diversity is declining at rates comparable to historic mass extinction events. Despite this, some species are returning to their former ranges, an example being the great carnivores in Europe. After being driven to the verge of extinction, most of today’s populations have recovered to a stable level. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) has re-expanded its range in Scandinavia and, after almost 100 years, is once again reproducing in southern Sweden. There are currently about 50-55 individuals in Östergötland county, and many factors implies that their number will continue to grow. By collecting and analysing data from different governmental reports and other sources I have tried to cover the development of Östergötland’s lynx population and to calculate the carrying capacity. The calculations are based on ungulate densities and amount of suitable habitat. The results of the study show that Östergötland contains a large amount of connected woodland habitat and high densities of prey, comparable to regions in Europe with high occurrence of lynx. Given these circumstances Östergötland has the capacity to support approximately 80-140 independent individuals. These numbers are twice as large as today’s population level and if reached could lead to positive as well as negative consequences for society. The lynx is a known threat to livestock but reports from recent years suggests that lynx attacks on sheep in Östergötland are limited. The effects of the current lynx population on ungulate demographics are also negligible. Although, these effects might increase with a larger lynx population, leading to lower rates of vehicle collisions and less damage in the forestry sector

    A realistic system for the management on military maritime safety?

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    Syftet med denna studie har varit att, med utgĂ„ngspunkt frĂ„n marinens haveristatistik för grundstötningar, söka dominerande riskfaktorer för fartygens framförande, se i vilken omfattning uppföljning genomförs och hur dragna erfarenheten anvĂ€nds och kan utvecklas inom militĂ€r sjöfart. Vi har Ă€ven undersökt om det gĂ„r att finna nĂ„gra gemensamma orsakssamband mellan olika attribut för fartyg som grundstöter.   De viktigaste iakttagelserna i studierna Ă€r att:   ‱    risker i samband med praktisk navigationsutbildning i skĂ€rgĂ„rd bör analyseras vidare, varvid kommunicerade fĂ€rdighetsnivĂ„er, dess bibehĂ„llande och examination utgör centrala delar ‱    risker i samband med omorganiseringar och nya organisationer bör klarlĂ€ggas ‱    risker vid nya fartygssystem eller metoder bör analyseras ‱    avvikelsesystemet i Försvarsmaktens sjösĂ€kerhetssystem kan i sig angrĂ€nsa till större avvikelse ‱    systemet fungerar inte fullt ut, dĂ„ förmĂ„gan brister i att lĂ„ngsiktigt och systematiskt identifiera, analysera och förankra betydelsefull kunskap ‱    avvikelserapporteringssystemet, DIUS-M, har stora brister. Återrapportering, revisionsresultat och rapportering av ”nĂ€rahĂ€ndelser/near misses” inom nautik saknas i stort sett helt. Hanteringen av förbĂ€ttringsförslag inryms inte i DIUS-M. Detta har sammantaget sannolikt givit en lĂ„g rapporteringsbenĂ€genhet. Rapporterna Ă€r inte alltid primĂ€rdata ‱    sjösĂ€kerhetssystemet saknar balans mellan korrigerande Ă„tgĂ€rder och ”Lessons Learned” ‱    trender kan ej statistiskt visas i förhĂ„llande mot fartygens nyttjande och sĂ„ledes Ă€r resultat av Ă„tgĂ€rder svĂ„ra att överblicka ‱    upprepade anmĂ€rkningar i revisionsresultat för avvikelsehanteringen kvarstĂ„r ‱    erfarenheter ur sjösĂ€kerhetssystemet och nautik behandlas inte i marinens erfarenhetsprocess ‱    klassificering av ”performance shaping factors” saknas i analyserna, vilket försvĂ„rar statistisk tolkning ‱    verksamheten rörande förbĂ€ttringsförlag Ă€r idag otydlig och disharmoniserar helt i styrande dokument ‱    införandet av gemensamma regler för militĂ€r sjöfart har förbĂ€ttrat fartygens nautisk-tekniska status och sannolikt minimerat olyckor.   Vi har inte funnit nĂ„gra beskrivna metoder för att hindra ett sluttande plan, s.k. negativ nedĂ€rvning, rörande fĂ€rdigheter inom den praktiska navigationskonsten, efter att den programbundna sjöofficersutbildningen genomförts. Detta trots att högre krav pĂ„ bĂ„de fĂ€rdighet och erfarenheter finns. Rollerna som skapar lĂ€rande behöver identifieras, beskrivas och kravsĂ€ttas pĂ„ ett tydligare sĂ€tt TillrĂ€ckliga resurser finns för att med smĂ„ medel kunna starta en levande avvikelsehantering och erfarenhetsprocess.   Delresultatet visade att marinens fartyg grundstöter oftare dĂ„ nĂ„gon form av navigationsutbildning genomförs och att analyserna ofta avslutats dĂ€r de ur ett evalueringsperspektiv börjar bli intressanta. UtifrĂ„n det pĂ„trĂ€ffade sambanden genomfördes nĂ„gra försök att reda ut gĂ„ngtider och exponeringstider för riskattributet utbildning. Vidare undersöktes förekomsten av utvĂ€rderingsmodeller för sjöfarten samt marinens möjlighet till att erfarenhetshantera sitt avvikelsesystem.   En ansats till förslag om erfarenhetshantering för att avvikelsesystemet skall uppfylla Försvarsmaktens manual sjösĂ€kerhet (FMMS) redovisas.The aim of this study has been that, starting from a marine accident statistics for the groundings, searching dominant risk factors for ships' performance, see the extent to which follow-up is carried out and how it uses and can be drawn from experience developing within military shipping. We have also examined whether it is possible to find some common causal link between the various attributes of the ship groundings/stranding.   The main findings of this study : risks associated with practical navigation practice in the archipelago should be analyzed further.   Skill levels and examination forms are the central parts risks in connection with reorganization and new organizations have to be clarified risks from new ship systems or new navigational methods should be analyzed SMS system in the armed forces may have probably major “non-conformities” the system does not work fully: capacity gaps in the long term to systematically identify, analyze and take care of important knowledge the reporting system, DIUS-M, has major shortcomings. Feedback, audit results and reporting of "near misses" within nautical missing almost completely. The handling of the suggestions for improvements is not included in DIUS-M. This has probably given a low overall reporting tendency. The reports are not always the primary data lacks balance between rules of corrections and "Lessons Learned" trends cannot statistically shown in relation to the use of the ships and are difficult to visualize repeated identical audit results for the safety management system (SMS) itself as non-confirmative lessons learned from the SMS system and are not take care of  in the Navy’s nautical lessons-learned process classification of "performance shaping factors" are missing from the analyses activity concerning improvement publishers is today unclear and gaping completely in the documents the introduction of common rules for military shipping has improved the ships ' nautical-technical status and likely minimized casualties.   We have not found any procedures to prevent a sloped plane, so-called “negative inheritance”, concerning practical navigation skills in the arts, after the sea officers training. This is despite the fact that the navy has higher demands on both skill and experience. The learning syllabus needs to be identified, described and better demanded.   The Armed Forces have resources to launch a working SMS and lessons-learned process. A part result showed that the Navy ship grounds more frequently when any form of navigation training is conducted and that analyses often terminated where they from an evaluation perspective begins to become interesting. Based on the found relations we do attempts to sort out sea going hours and exposure times for risks when training navigation onboard. It was further examined the presence of evaluation models for maritime traffic, as well as the Navy's ability to evaluate its deviation system.   A proposal for adding a Lessons Learned model to the reporting system for meet the skills of the armed forces SMS (FMMS) is shown

    Den svenska resemarknaden : En jÀmförelse av konkurrensstrategier pÄ en mogen marknad

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    Denna uppsats behandlar den svenska resemarknaden och om olika reseföretags tillĂ€mpning av konkurrensstrategier kan skapa framgĂ„ng och hjĂ€lpa dem att överleva pĂ„ en mogen resemarknad. Arbetet bygger pĂ„ en jĂ€mförelse mellan tre reseföretag som distribuerar resor, för att undersöka och analysera olika konkurrensstrategiers verkan pĂ„ den svenska resemarknaden. Tre reseföretag med olika inriktningar pĂ„ marknaden jĂ€mförs i uppsatsen, KILROY travels Sweden AB, Ticket Travel Group AB och MyTravel Sweden. Undersökningen bygger pĂ„ en kvalitativ metod genom personliga intervjuer med respektive företag. I analysen görs en jĂ€mförelse av reseföretagen som konkurrenter till varandra. Det som har framkommit i intervjuerna jĂ€mförs med utvalda teorier i analysen. En kombination av konkurrensstrategier anvĂ€nds för att utreda vilka köpare och leverantörer som finns och om det finns hot frĂ„n potentiella etablerare och substitut. Företagens mĂ„l, strategier, förestĂ€llningar om branschen och möjligheter för utveckling utreds. Deras positioner pĂ„ marknaden motiverar ocksĂ„ valet av strategi och hur pass aggressiva de bör vara i sina marknadsföringssatsningar. Marknadsföringsmixen visar vad företagen behöver utveckla och förbĂ€ttra. De tre undersökta reseföretagen har varit framgĂ„ngsrika pĂ„ sĂ„ vis att de har funnits lĂ€nge pĂ„ den svenska marknaden, Ă€r vĂ€letablerade och har kĂ€nda varumĂ€rken. Företagen anvĂ€nder huvudsakligen tre distributionskanaler för att vara tillgĂ€ngliga för kunderna, genom butiker, Internet och telefon. Konkurrensstrategier har en verkan pĂ„ den svenska resemarknaden dĂ„ konkurrenssituationen skapar ett behov av analys och planering, sĂ„ att företagen kan bedöma konkurrenterna pĂ„ ett riktigt sĂ€tt. En analys av konkurrensen görs lĂ€ttast genom att anvĂ€nda de verktyg som redovisats i denna uppsats. De svenska reseföretagen kan skapa framgĂ„ng och överleva genom en tillĂ€mpning av konkurrensstrategierna. Företagen mĂ„ste dĂ„ utföra kontinuerliga analyser av resebranschen och konkurrenterna.This paper discusses the Swedish travel market and if the application of competitive strategies can create success and help companies in the travel industry to survive on a mature travel market. It is based on a comparison between three companies in the travel industry, to survey and analyze the impact of different competitive strategies on the Swedish travel market. Three companies with different business profiles are compared. They are KILROY travels Sweden AB, Ticket Travel Group AB and MyTravel Sweden. The survey is based on a qualitative method through personal interviews with each company. A comparison is made between the companies as competitors to each other in the analysis section. The results of the interviews are also compared to the chosen theories. A combination of competitive strategies is used to investigate who the buyers and suppliers are, and if there are any threats from potential new establishers and substitutes. The companies’ goals, strategies, conceptions of the industry and development opportunities are also investigated. Their market positions motivate their choice of strategies and how aggressive they should be in their marketing investments. The marketing mix demonstrates what the companies need to develop and improve. The three companies have all been successful, as they have existed for a long time on the Swedish market, are well established and have well known trademarks. They mainly employ three distribution channels to be accessible to customers, namely through stores, Internet and phones. Competitive strategies do have an impact on the Swedish travel market, as the competitive situation creates a need for analysis and planning, allowing the companies to assess the competitors correctly. An analysis of the competition is easily made with the tools presented in this paper. The companies in the Swedish travel industry can create success and survive through application of these competitive strategies. The companies must implement continuous analysis of the travel industry and their competitors
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