Distribution of Optimum Reactive Power in the Presence of Wind Power Plant and considering Voltage Stability Margin using Genetic Algorithm and Monte Carlo methods

Network reactive power resources are important factors affecting voltage stability that somehow can have effect on safety margin of system voltage stability. In this study, question of relationship between distribution of optimum reactive power and voltage stability margin in presence of wind power plant has been performed. For this reason, to minimize the reactive power costs due to the synchronous generator, synchronous condenser and the capacitor bank and also given the importance maximization the voltage stability margin and considering equality and inequality constraints, has been used from a nonlinear programming method. In here, problem by using Genetic Algorithm in order to minimize cost of reactive power and with considering the voltage stability margin based on Monte Carlo simulation method. In MATLAB software has been optimized. Problem simulation over 30-bus network has been solved for two state low load and full load and with two scenarios was run and analyzed

Improvement of Starting Transient State in a Fixed Speed Wind Turbine using STATCOM

Nowadays, the effects of wind generators have become an important issue in power quality due to impressionability in the lack of uniformity in adjusting frequency and power systems’ voltage. Wind turbine generators during commissioning even when they use a soft starter and connect to a power network transient and oscillatory flow have reactive power and effective voltage. With the presence FACTS devices (especially parallel devices) and reactive power injection, reactive power changes and effective voltage can be reduced. In this paper, the studied system consists of Thévenin equivalent circuit of a power network, which connects to a wind generator through transformers and transmission lines. Dynamic modeling of transient wind turbine and also, commissioning condition of power system model and simulation of computer were done in PSCAD / EMTDC software. At the end, simulation results of the desired system show that the presence of STATCOM in network improves the initial transient state of some parameters such as voltage, reactive power output of generators and etc

Serum testosterone in Arabian stallions during breeding and non-breeding seasons in Iran

The study was conducted to investigate the serum testosterone concentrations of Arabian stallions during breeding and non-breeding seasons under natural photoperiodic condition in west south of Iran (Khuzestan Province; latitude 48:40°N, longitude 31:20°E and altitude 22.5 m). The blood samples (10 ml) were collected from the jugular vein, and it stood at room temperature for 3 h and was centrifuged. The sera were kept at -20°C until assayed by radioimmunoassay. The results show that total serum testosterone levels (ng/ml) in Arabian stallions was higher in May to June (Summer Solstice; 1.08±0.078) than in November to December (Winter Solstice; 0.65±0.11) (p<0.05). We conclude that serum testosterone concentration during the non-breeding season is lower than that of the breeding season. The results confirm a seasonal rhythm in the reproductive cycle of Arabian stallions over the year in this specific region.Key words: Arabian stallion, season, testosterone, photoperiod

Improvement of Starting Transient State in a Fixed Speed Wind Turbine using STATCOM

Nowadays, the effects of wind generators have become an important issue in power quality due to impressionability in the lack of uniformity in adjusting frequency and power systems’ voltage. Wind turbine generators during commissioning even when they use a soft starter and connect to a power network transient and oscillatory flow have reactive power and effective voltage. With the presence FACTS devices (especially parallel devices) and reactive power injection, reactive power changes and effective voltage can be reduced. In this paper, the studied system consists of Thévenin equivalent circuit of a power network, which connects to a wind generator through transformers and transmission lines. Dynamic modeling of transient wind turbine and also, commissioning condition of power system model and simulation of computer were done in PSCAD / EMTDC software. At the end, simulation results of the desired system show that the presence of STATCOM in network improves the initial transient state of some parameters such as voltage, reactive power output of generators and etc

Distribution of Optimum Reactive Power in the Presence of Wind Power Plant and considering Voltage Stability Margin using Genetic Algorithm and Monte Carlo methods

Network reactive power resources are important factors affecting voltage stability that somehow can have effect on safety margin of system voltage stability. In this study, question of relationship between distribution of optimum reactive power and voltage stability margin in presence of wind power plant has been performed. For this reason, to minimize the reactive power costs due to the synchronous generator, synchronous condenser and the capacitor bank and also given the importance maximization the voltage stability margin and considering equality and inequality constraints, has been used from a nonlinear programming method. In here, problem by using Genetic Algorithm in order to minimize cost of reactive power and with considering the voltage stability margin based on Monte Carlo simulation method. In MATLAB software has been optimized. Problem simulation over 30-bus network has been solved for two state low load and full load and with two scenarios was run and analyzed

Eryngium Billardieri Induces Apoptosis via Bax Gene Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Purpose: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has a high prevalence all over the world. Most of the therapeutic approaches failed as a result of tumor invasion and rapid metastasis. Several natural plants have been shown to have promising therapeutic effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic activity of Eryngium billardieri against PANC-1 cancer cell lines. Methods: Dimethylthiazole diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay) and flow cytometry were used to assess the cytotoxicity of E. billardieri extracts against PANC-1 cancer cell lines. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was conducted to investigate the expression levels of Bcl2- associated X protein (BAX) and cyclin D1. Results: The results of the MTT assay showed that E. billardieri extracts had cytotoxic effects on PANC- 1 cancer cell lines. Moreover, the findings from the gene expression confirmed the over expression of Bax, and under expression of cyclin D1 following treatment with dichloromethane (DCM) and n-hexane (n- hex) extracts in cancer cells (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the flow cytometry results showed that DCM and n- hex extracts of E. billardieri induced apoptosis in PANC- 1 cancer cell lines. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that DCM and n- hex extracts of E. billardieri significantly induce apoptosis by increasing Bax and decreasing cyclin D1 mRNA expression. Therefore, E. billardieri may be regarded as a novel approach for treatment of pancreatic cancer as a result of its promising apoptotic and cytotoxic properties

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised