El cigoto, inicio de la vida humana desde una perspectiva biológica y metafísica

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Modelación matemática de un reactor de tanque agitado con catalizador disperso para la obtención de metil oleato a partir de trioleína

The mathematical modeling of a three-phase reactor with dispersed phase catalyst for production of methyl oleate was carried out. Mass balances were used at the reactor level as well as the fluid-catalyst interphase to represent the operation system. The effect of type, particle size and catalyst concentration, as well as space-time and arrangement of reactors in series were examined. The purity of the triglyceride in the feeding was also investigated. The factors that most affected the reactor behavior quantitatively were the concentration of the catalyst, and its type, as well as the series arrangement of two reactors at constant space-time. Se realizó la modelación matemática de un reactor trifásico con catalizador en fase dispersa para la producción de metil oleato. Se utilizaron balances de materia a nivel reactor, así como entre fase fluida-catalizador para representar la operación del sistema. Se investigó el efecto del tipo, tamaño de partícula y concentración del catalizador, así como espacio-tiempo y arreglo de reactores en serie. Asimismo, se investigó sobre la pureza del triglicérido en la alimentación. Los factores que más afectaron cuantitativamente el desempeño del reactor fueron la concentración del catalizador, su tipo y el arreglo en serie de dos reactores a espacio-tiempo constante.&nbsp

Thin and Dense Ceramic Coatings by Plasma Spraying at Very Low Pressure

The very low pressure plasma spray (VLPPS) process operates at a pressure range of approximately 100 Pa. At this pressure, the plasma jet interaction with the surrounding atmosphere is very weak. Thus, the plasma velocity is almost constant over a large distance from the nozzle exit. Furthermore, at these low pressures the collision frequency is distinctly reduced and the mean free path is strongly increased. As a consequence, at low pressure the specific enthalpy of the plasma is substantially higher, but at lower density. These particular plasma characteristics offer enhanced possibilities to spray thin and dense ceramics compared to conventional processes which operate in the pressure range between 5 and 20 kPa. This paper presents some examples of gas-tight and electrically insulating coatings with low thicknesses < 50 mu m for solid oxide fuel cell applications. Furthermore, plasma spraying of oxygen conducting membrane materials such as perovskites is discussed

Modelación matemática de un reactor de tanque agitado con catalizador disperso para la obtención de metil oleato a partir de trioleína

The mathematical modeling of a three-phase reactor with dispersed phase catalyst for production of methyl oleate was carried out. Mass balances were used at the reactor level as well as the fluid-catalyst interphase to represent the operation system. The effect of type, particle size and catalyst concentration, as well as space-time and arrangement of reactors in series were examined. The purity of the triglyceride in the feeding was also investigated. The factors that most affected the reactor behavior quantitatively were the concentration of the catalyst, and its type, as well as the series arrangement of two reactors at constant space-timeSe realizó la modelación matemática de un reactor trifásico con catalizador en fase dispersa para la producción de metil oleato. Se uti-lizaron balances de materia a nivel reactor, así como entre fase fluida-catalizador para representar la operación del sistema. Se investigó el efecto del tipo, tamaño de partícula y concentración del catalizador, así como espacio-tiempo y arreglo de reactores en serie. Asimismo, se investigó sobre la pureza del triglicérido en la alimentación. Los factores que más afectaron cuantitativamente el desempeño del reactor fueron la concentración del catalizador, su tipo y el arreglo en serie de dos reactores a espacio-tiempo constante

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic biomarker for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy: data from two randomized phase III trials†.

BACKGROUND: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of host inflammation, has been associated with poor outcome in several solid tumors. Here, we investigated associations of the derived NLR (dNLR) and duration of initial androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with survival of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving first-line chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the multinational randomized phase III studies VENICE and TAX327 included a total of 2230 men with mCRPC randomized to receive first-line chemotherapy, and were used as training and validation sets, respectively. Associations of dNLR and duration of initial ADT with overall survival (OS) were evaluated by multivariable Cox regression analysis in the training set stratified for performance status and treatment arm. The model was then tested in the validation set. Subsequently, we investigated the treatment effect of docetaxel on OS in subgroups according to dNLR and duration of initial ADT. RESULTS: In the training set, both dNLR ≥median (2) and duration of initial ADT <median (15 months) were associated with increased risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.50, P < 0.001 and HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.21-1.64, P < 0.001, respectively] after adjustment for age, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, and pain at baseline. In the validation set, dNLR remained an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.20-1.70, P < 0.001), whereas duration of initial ADT was not (HR 1.16; 95% CI 0.97-1.37, P = 0.10). In subgroup analyses of the TAX327 study, docetaxel improved OS irrespective of dNLR and duration of initial ADT. CONCLUSION: The dNLR was prognostic for OS in men with mCRPC receiving first-line chemotherapy in two randomized phase III trials. A high dNLR (≥2) was associated with shorter survival irrespective of the received treatment. This readily available biomarker may serve for risk stratification in future clinical trials and could be incorporated into prognostic nomograms

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species.

The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway