Translation theory and practice in the Abbasid era

textThis paper explores the theoretical approaches to translation and the dynamics of language politics during the ʻAbbāsid-era translation movement through the lens of three prominent figures of the ʿAbbāsid era, Ḥunayn ibn Isʹhāq, Mattā bin Yūnus and al-Jāḥiẓ. In conversation with Emily Apter's concept of untranslatability and current concerns about translation into and out of Arabic, this paper examines the cultural implications of claims to translatability and untranslatability. The ʿAbbāsid era presents a particularly useful comparison to the present because rather than being marginal, Arabic was the language of an expanding empire, and also because the ʿAbbāsid era was a kind of 'Golden Age' of translation. The ʿAbbāsid era was an enormously productive period, with translators rendering nearly the entirely corpus of available Greek manuscripts into Arabic. This outpouring of translation activity not only provided an influx of new ideas but provoked a wide-ranging debate among the literati of the time about the possibilities and problems of translation. Examining the figures of al-Jāḥiẓ, Mattā bin Yūnus and Ḥunayn ibn Is'hāq provides a window into this theoretical conversation. Al-Jāḥiẓ, as one of the foremost authorities on Arabic rhetoric, gave voice to more than one view of translation, in part defining Arabic writing as too unique to be translated while elsewhere claiming translations from other languages as the inheritance of the Arab culture. The Aristotelian translator Mattā bin Yūnus provides an example of backlash against translation in which foreign ideas were seen as a threat to Arab identity. Ḥunayn ibn Is'hāq, one of most highly regarded translators of his day, reveals a pragmatic approach to translation which integrated Greek works into Arab society. These three figures reorient the poles of translatability and untranslatability, revealing the potential of both to strengthen hegemony, and show the positive and negative aspects of an Arabocentric and Islamocentric universalism.Middle Eastern Studie

Implementing a human resource plan

This research involved evaluating the human resource management practices and processes within an organisation. The organisation is a well-established life sciences organisation located in New Zealand. The organisation manufactures an insert device which is sold to over 60 countries. The organisation has experienced significant changes, and these changes to the organisation are still in the process of being implemented. The organisation has a clear and focussed business strategy and human resource plan however, the plan has not been implemented. The changes to the organisation have affected the motivation of the employees, job insecurities with the restructuring of the organisation, and employees have experienced an inability to adapt and change. Communication from senior management was initially on a regular basis however, the communication is now less. An audit of human resource systems is recommended, to review current practices and to provide statistical data and information, to senior management to establish the motivation and engagement levels of all employees. The organisation adheres to strict compliance and regulatory guidelines. Therefore health and safety procedures and processes are established, employees are trained during induction and receive ongoing health and safety training. There are robust reporting systems in place for incidents and hazards, a no blame culture is encouraged and employees are comfortable reporting health and safety concerns. The management team support a positive health and safety culture and encourages continuous improvements. For the organisation to evolve its brand and to achieve its vision of attracting and retaining top talent, encouraging collaboration, communication and engaging employees, this report recommends, the human resource plan to be communicated to employees as soon as possible. Communication from senior management should be on a regular basis and results continually reinforced. Senior management should become more visible to the employees on the shop floor

Unique Virtues of Plurality Rule: Generalizing May's Theorem

May's theorem famously shows that, in social decisions between two options, simple majority rule uniquely satisfies four appealing conditions. Although this result is often cited as a general argument for majority rule, it has never been extended beyond pairwise decisions. Here we generalize May's theorem to decisions between many options where voters each cast one vote. We show that, surprisingly, plurality rule uniquely satisfies May's conditions. Our result suggests a conditional defense of plurality rule: If a society's balloting procedure collects only a single vote from each voter, then plurality rule is the uniquely compelling procedure for electoral decisions. First version: 15 September 2004; this version version 22 December 2005.May's theorem, plurality rule, simple majority rule

OPTIMUM NUMBER AND LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING MILK PLANTS TO MINIMIZE MARKETING COSTS

Marketing,

An Objective Analysis Technique for Constructing Three-Dimensional Urban-Scale Wind Fields

An objective analysis procedure for generating mass-consistent, urban-scale three-dimensional wind fields is presented together with a comparison against existing techniques. The algorithm employs terrain following coordinates and variable vertical grid spacing. Initial estimates of the velocity field are developed by interpolating surface and upper level wind measurements. A local terrain adjustment technique, involving solution of the Poisson equation, is used to establish the horizontal components of the surface field. Vertical velocities are developed from successive solutions of the continuity equation followed by an iterative procedure which reduces anomalous divergence in the complete field. Major advantages of the procedure are that it is computationally efficient and allows boundary values to adjust in response to changes in the interior flow. The method has been successfully tested using field measurements and problems with known analytic solutions

Comparison of External Kinetic and Kinematic Variables between High Barbell Back Squats and Low Barbell Back Squats across a Range of Loads

This study compared peak force, peak power, peak velocity, impulse, work, and vertical displacement between the high bar back squat (HBBS) and low bar back squat (LBBS). Six trained males performed each using 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of their recent training 1 repetition maximum. Dual force plates recorded force-time curve characteristics of ground reaction forces and four potentiometers tracked vertical and horizontal barbell displacement. Repeated–measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for load (p\u3c0.01) across all variables, but no significant effects for condition or interaction. The HBBS generated higher peak force in loads 20%–80%, higher peak power in loads 20%–60% and 80%–90%, higher peak velocity at every load, and greater vertical displacement at every load. The LBBS generated a larger impulse at loads 30%-90% and the HBBS generated more work at loads 20%, 40%, and 60%–90%

EVALUATING STATE POLICY INTERVENTIONS FOR OPIOID ABUSE AND DIVERSION: THE IMPACT ON CONSUMERS, HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS, AND THE U.S. MARKET FOR PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS

Prescription opioid pain reliever utilization has been increasing since the 1990s, due in part to changes in recommendations for the treatment of chronic pain, but also to abuse and diversion. One innovative policy solution to the abuse and diversion of prescription opioids is state prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), which provide prescribers and other selected parties with patient controlled substance dispensation history; thereby, correcting an information asymmetry problem between prescribers and patients. The widespread implementation of state PDMPs, which vary in program design and requirements, has resulted in a variety of intended and unintended consequences. Previous PDMP evaluations have suggested such outcomes as the reduction of consumer access to opioids, the influencing of healthcare provider prescribing behaviors for opioids, and the re-shaping of the United States market for prescription opioids. PDMPs may also be associated with unintended outcomes: namely, the restriction of pharmaceutical opioids could be associated with an increase in heroin use, as evidenced by increases in heroin substance abuse treatment facility discharges. The analyses in this project examine the influence of PDMPs on healthcare providers and the market for prescription drugs by comparing trends in opioid utilization in states with varying PDMP features using Medicaid prescription utilization data and commercial insurance claims. The effect of PDMPs on consumers is explored with an analysis comparing substance abuse treatment facility discharge data for heroin abuse with pharmaceutical opioid prescriptions before and after PDMP regulatory change. Finally, the impact of other related opioid policy interventions, opioid overdose medication access laws, are analyzed by comparing opioid overdose mortality across states with differing overdose medication access policies over time. Contributions to the understanding about the impacts of these state-level opioid abuse and diversion policies can be used to improve or amplify intended outcomes and ameliorate unintended consequences

Alien Registration- Goodin, Hubert (Bangor, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/14000/thumbnail.jp

"The Temporal Welfare State: A Cross-national Comparison"

Welfare states contribute to people's well-being in many different ways. Bringing all these contributions under a common metric is tricky. Here we propose doing so through the notion of "temporal autonomy": the freedom to spend one's time as one pleases, outside the necessities of everyday life. Using surveys from five countries (the United States, Australia, Germany, France, and Sweden) that represent the principal types of welfare and gender regimes, we propose ways of operationalizing the time that is strictly necessary for people to spend in paid labor, unpaid household labor, and personal care. The time people have at their disposal after taking into account what is strictly necessary in these three arenas-which we call "discretionary time"-represents people's temporal autonomy. We measure the impact on this of government taxes, transfers, and childcare subsidies in these five countries. In so doing, we calibrate the contributions of the different welfare and gender regimes that exist in these countries, in ways that correspond to the lived reality of people's daily lives.

Coal today may be like the doomed ‘natural ice’ industry of the 19th century

Should industries be allowed to draw from the public purse to postpone or cushion their collapse?, asks Brett Goodi