Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three available genomic nomenclature systems for SARS-CoV-2 to all sequence data from the WHO European Region available during the COVID-19 pandemic until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation. We provide a comparison of the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.Peer reviewe

Observations on environmental factors in connection with avian botulism outbreaks in a Hungarian wetland habitat

In this study, the relationship between five water-quality parameters (water temperature, pH, conductivity, water-soluble oxygen (WSO) and organic matter content (chemical oxygen demand — COD)) and avian botulism cases were examined using statistical methods. Five-five sampling points, located in high and low avian botulism risk (HR and LR) areas of Lake ‘Kis-Balaton’ were chosen, respectively. Data from 5 HR and 5 LR years were processed.In some cases, significant (P<0.05) differences were discovered in water temperature, pH, WSO and COD values between HR and LR sites and years.Discriminant analysis verified positive relationship between the occurrence of avian botulism outbreaks and characteristics of the sampling sites in 16/20 cases (80.0%). In the remaining instances, the role of other, not examined factors could be also important

A TARTÓS HŐ-STRESSZ KÁROS HATÁSÁNAK CSÖKKENTÉSE TAKARMÁNYOZÁSI MÓDSZEREKKEL A PECSENYEKACSA TARTÁSBAN

ÖsszefoglalásA közlemény célja, hogy bemutassa a tartós hő-stressz (30±1°) hatását a kacsák termelési paramétereire és az antioxidáns státuszára. A kísérletbe összesen 600 előnevelt hibrid kacsa került beállításra. A kísérlet során 2 kezelést alkalmaztunk (alacsony és emelt vitamin és ásványi anyag kiegészítés). A szerzők a vizsgálataik alapján a következő fontosabb megállapításokat tették: az antioxidáns védelmi rendszernek kiemelkedő szerepe van a hő-sokk okozta lipidperoxidációs folyamatok csökkentésében. Alkalmazhatók olyan takarmány kiegészítők a kacsa nevelés során, melyek direkt vagy indirekt antioxidáns tulajdonságúak. C, E-vitamin továbbá cink (Zn) és szelén (Se) használatával tartós hő-stressz során szignifikánsan javultak a termelési paraméterek: a súlygyarapodás, a fajlagos takarmány-, energia- és fehérje értékesítés. A vérparaméterekben is javulást tapasztaltunk: csökkent a malondialdehid (MDA) mennyisége, a szuperoxid-dizmutáz (SOD) aktivitása, továbbá nőtt a plazma víz- (ACW) és zsíroldható (ACL) antioxidáns kapacitása. REDUCING THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM HEAT STRESS IN DUCKS WITH NUTRITIONAL TOOLSSummaryThe aim of the study is to review the effects of long term heat stress (30±1°) on duck production parameters and antioxidant status. 600 reared (14 days old) Cherry Valley hybrid ducks were used for the experiment. Two treatments were used (low and high dose vitamin and mineral supplement). Based on the results the following conclusions where drown: the antioxidant defence system plays an important role in the reduction of the heat stress generated lipid peroxidation process. Feed additives, which have direct or indirect antioxidant effects can be used in growing ducks. Production parameters such as weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero‐nitrogen retention (AMEn) and apparent protein significantly revised using Vitamin C, E and selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) in long term heat stress. The blood parameters were also revised: the concentration of (malondialdehyde) MDA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. In addition plasma, water (ACW) and lipid (ACL) soluble antioxidant capacity increased

Analysis of the applicability of molecular markers linked to the PVY extreme resistance gene Ry sto , and the identification of new markers

In this study molecular markers linked to the Ry sto gene, which originates from the wild potato species Solanum stoloniferum and confers extreme resistance against PVY, were identified and the applicability of recently published Ry sto markers was analyzed. Three RAPD markers covering a total distance of 8.60 cM were detected in this experiment. The closest of these markers was located 0.53 cM from the gene. From among the published markers only one had diagnostic value in the experimental plant material, and mapped 2.95 cM from the gene, on the side opposite the RAPD markers developed in the present study. All the markers analyzed were present in Solanum stoloniferum accessions, irrespective of their resis- tance, indicating that these sequences are linked to the locus and not exclusively to the dominant allele of the Ry sto gene in the wild species. The inapplicability of several published markers indicates that the genetic background is decisive in this tetraploid and highly heterozygous species. This means that it may be necessary to develop markers from the breeding material itself, until the resistance gene is not cloned and cannot be used as a selection marker in marker-assisted selection