Performances zootechniques des alevins de trois souches du tilapia du nil Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758 du paysage aquacole de la Cote d’Ivoire elevees en happa implante dans un etang

Cette étude effectuée du 03 mars au 15 avril, a été réalisée dans le but de comparer les performances de croissance des alevins de trois souches  (Bouaké, Hydrofish et Brésil) du tilapia du Nil Oreochromis niloticus utilisées dans le paysage aquacole ivoirien. Pour ce faire, les alevins de poids  moyens initiaux respectifs 0,012 ± 0,003 ; 0,010 ± 0,003 et 0,014 ± 0,007 g ont été élevés pendant 28 jours dans 09 happas de 1 m2 chacun, installés  dans un étang en terre à une densité de 1500 individus/m2. Les poissons ont été nourris cinq fois par jour (8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14 h et 16 h) avec un  aliment commercial farineux titrant 48 % de protéines et de diamètre 0,3 à 0,5 mm à raison de 50 % de leur poids corporel. Cette ration a été  réajustée chaque semaine en fonction de la croissance des poissons. Après 28 jours d’élevage, les résultats montrent que le poids moyen final le  plus élevé (0,654 ± 0,076 g) et le plus faible (0,339 ± 0,035 g) sont respectivement enregistrés chez les alevins des souches Brésil et Hydrofish. La  valeur la plus interessante de l’indice de conversion alimentaire (0,83 ± 0,10) est obtenue chez la souche Brésil et la moins interessante (1,11 ± 0,12)  chez la souche Hydrofish. Toutefois, le taux de survie et le facteur de condition n’ont pas varié d’une souche à l’autre. Il ressort donc de cette étude  que la souche Brésil du tilapia du Nil O. niloticus présente les meilleures performances zootechniques comparée aux souches Bouaké et Hydrofish  en phase d’alevinage. English title: Zootechnical performance of three strains of Nile tilapia <i>oreochromis niloticus L.</i>, 1758 from the Ivory  Coast Aquaculture Landscape This study was conducted to compare the growth performance of three strains fries (Bouaké, Hydrofish and Brazil) of Nile tilapia Oreochromis  niloticus used in Ivorian aquaculture landscape. Fingerlings with respective initial mean weights of 0.012 ± 0.003, 0.010 ± 0.003 and 0.014 ± 0.007 g  were reared for 28 days in 09 happas of 1 m2 each installed in an earthen pond at a density of 1500 individuals/m2. Fish were fed five times daily  (8:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m.) with a commercial mealy feed containing 48% of proteins and a diameter of 0.3 to 0.5  mm at 50% of their body weight. This ration was readjusted weekly according to the growth of the fish. After 28 days of rearing, the results show  that the highest (0.654 ± 0.076 g) and lowest (0.339 ± 0.035 g) average final weights were recorded in the Brazil and Hydrofish fries, respectively. The  most interesting value of feed conversion index (0.83 ± 0.10) is obtained in the Brazil strain and the least interesting (1.11 ± 0.12) in the  Hydrofish strain. However, the survival rate and condition factor did not vary between strains. Therefore, this study shows that the Brazil strain of  Nile tilapia O. niloticus has the best zootechnical performance compared to the Bouaké and Hydrofish strains in the nursery phase.&nbsp

Multi-criteria assessment of the Representative Elementary Watershed approach on the Donga catchment (Benin) using a downward approach of model complexity

International audienceThis study is part of the AMMA – African Multidisciplinary Monsoon Analysis – project and aims at a better understanding and modelling of the Donga catchment (580 km2, Benin) behaviour. For this purpose, we applied the REW concept proposed by Reggiani et al. (1998, 1999), which allows the description of the main local processes at the sub-watershed scale. Such distributed hydrological models, which represent hydrological processes at various scales, should be evaluated not only on the discharge at the outlet but also on each of the represented processes and in several points of the catchment. This kind of multi-criteria evaluation is of importance in order to assess the global behaviour of the models. We applied such multi-criteria strategy to the Donga catchment (586 km2), in Benin. The work is supported by a strategy of observation, undertaken since 1998 consisting in a network of 20 rain gauges, an automatic meteorological station, 6 discharge stations and 18 wells. The first goal of this study is to assess the model ability to reproduce the discharge at the outlet, the water table dynamics in several points of the catchment and the vadose zone dynamics at the sub-catchment scale. We tested two spatial discretisations of increasing resolution. To test the internal structure of the model, we looked at its ability to represent also the discharge at intermediary stations. After adjustment of soil parameters, the model is shown to accurately represent discharge down to a drainage area of 100 km2, whereas poorer simulation is achieved on smaller catchments. We introduced the spatial variability of rainfall by distributing the daily rainfall over the REW and obtained a very low sensitivity of the model response to this variability. Our results suggest that processes in the unsaturated zone should first be improved, in order to better simulate soil water dynamics and represent perched water tables which were not included in this first modelling study

An Improved Anomalous Intrusion Detection Model

The volume of cyber-attack targeting network resources within the cyberspace is steadily increasing and evolving. Network intrusions compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of network resources causing reputational damage and the consequential financial loss. One of the key cyber-defense tools against these attacks is the Intrusion Detection System. Existing anomalous intrusion detection models often misclassified normal network traffics as attacks while minority attacks go undetected due to an extreme imbalance in network traffic data. This leads to a high false positive and low detection rate. This study focused on improving the detection accuracy by addressing the class imbalanced problem which is often associated with network traffic dataset. Live network traffic packets were collected within the test case environment with Wireshark during normal network activities, Syncflood attack, slowhttppost attack and exploitation of known vulnerabilities on a targeted machine. Fifty-two features including forty-two features similar to Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD ’99) intrusion detection dataset were extracted from the packet meta-data using Spleen tool. The features were normalized with min-max normalization algorithm and Information Gain algorithm was used to select the best discriminatory features from the feature space. An anomalous intrusion detection model was formulated by a cascade of k-means clustering algorithm and random-forest classifier. The proposed model was simulated and its performance was evaluated using detection accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity as metrics. The result of the evaluation showed 10% higher detection accuracy, 29% sensitivity, and 0.2% specificity than the existing model. Keywords— anomalous, cyber-attack, Detection, Intrusio

A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high. We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts in Ivory Coast. METHODS: We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4+ count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: deferred ART (ART initiation according to WHO criteria), deferred ART plus IPT, early ART (immediate ART initiation), or early ART plus IPT. The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease, or death from any cause at 30 months. We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies. RESULTS: A total of 2056 patients (41% with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter) were followed for 4757 patient-years. A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed (3.8 events per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 4.4), including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4+ count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter (3.2 events per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0). Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42% and 27% of primary end-point events, respectively. The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.76; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.94) and lower with IPT than with no IPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.88; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.01). The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In this African country, immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT, both overall and among patients with CD4+ counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter. (Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00495651.)

An overview of anti-diabetic plants used in Gabon: Pharmacology and Toxicology

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ethnopharmacological relevance: The management of diabetes mellitus management in African communities, especially in Gabon, is not well established as more than 60% of population rely on traditional treatments as primary healthcare. The aim of this review was to collect and present the scientific evidence for the use of medicinal plants that are in currect by Gabonese traditional healers to manage diabetes or hyperglycaemia based here on the pharmacological and toxicological profiles of plants with anti-diabetic activity. There are presented in order to promote their therapeutic value, ensure a safer use by population and provide some bases for further study on high potential plants reviewed. Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical studies were sourced using databases such as Online Wiley library, Pubmed, Google Scholar, PROTA, books and unpublished data including Ph.D. and Master thesis, African and Asian journals. Keywords including ‘Diabetes’ ‘Gabon’ ‘Toxicity’ ‘Constituents’ ‘hyperglycaemia’ were used. Results: A total of 69 plants currently used in Gabon with potential anti-diabetic activity have been identified in the literature, all of which have been used in in vivo or in vitro studies. Most of the plants have been studied in human or animal models for their ability to reduce blood glucose, stimulate insulin secretion or inhibit carbohydrates enzymes. Active substances have been identified in 12 out of 69 plants outlined in this review, these include Allium cepa and Tabernanthe iboga. Only eight plants have their active substances tested for anti-diabetic activity and are suitables for further investigation. Toxicological data is scarce and is dose-related to the functional parameters of major organs such as kidney and liver. Conclusion: An in-depth understanding on the pharmacology and toxicology of Gabonese anti-diabetic plants is lacking yet there is a great scope for new treatments. With further research, the use of Gabonese anti-diabetic plants is important to ensure the safety of the diabetic patients in Gabon.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in west African, HIV-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the Temprano ANRS 12136 trial.

BACKGROUND: Temprano ANRS 12136 was a factorial 2 × 2 trial that assessed the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART; ie, in patients who had not reached the CD4 cell count threshold used to recommend starting ART, as per the WHO guidelines that were the standard during the study period) and 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. Early ART and IPT were shown to independently reduce the risk of severe morbidity at 30 months. Here, we present the efficacy of IPT in reducing mortality from the long-term follow-up of Temprano. METHODS: For Temprano, participants were randomly assigned to four groups (deferred ART, deferred ART plus IPT, early ART, or early ART plus IPT). Participants who completed the trial follow-up were invited to participate in a post-trial phase. The primary post-trial phase endpoint was death, as analysed by the intention-to-treat principle. We used Cox proportional models to compare all-cause mortality between the IPT and no IPT strategies from inclusion in Temprano to the end of the follow-up period. FINDINGS: Between March 18, 2008, and Jan 5, 2015, 2056 patients (mean baseline CD4 count 477 cells per μL) were followed up for 9404 patient-years (Temprano 4757; post-trial phase 4647). The median follow-up time was 4·9 years (IQR 3·3-5·8). 86 deaths were recorded (Temprano 47 deaths; post-trial phase 39 deaths), of which 34 were in patients randomly assigned IPT (6-year probability 4·1%, 95% CI 2·9-5·7) and 52 were in those randomly assigned no IPT (6·9%, 5·1-9·2). The hazard ratio of death in patients who had IPT compared with those who did not have IPT was 0·63 (95% CI, 0·41 to 0·97) after adjusting for the ART strategy (early vs deferred), and 0·61 (0·39-0·94) after adjustment for the ART strategy, baseline CD4 cell count, and other key characteristics. There was no evidence for statistical interaction between IPT and ART (pinteraction=0·77) or between IPT and time (pinteraction=0·94) on mortality. INTERPRETATION: In Côte d'Ivoire, where the incidence of tuberculosis was last reported as 159 per 100 000 people, 6 months of IPT has a durable protective effect in reducing mortality in HIV-infected people, even in people with high CD4 cell counts and who have started ART. FUNDING: National Research Agency on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS)

Contribution a l’etude du fonctionnement hydrologique du bassin versant de la donga en milieu soudano-tropical de socle au Benin (haute vallee de l’oueme)

Dans le cadre du programme international AMMA, la haute vallée de l’Ouémé (centre-ouest du Bénin) est instrumenté (pluie, débit et nappe) depuis 1997. Le sous-bassin versant de la Donga (586 km2) est le cadre d’observations intensives précisant les processus hydrologiques essentiels et quantifiant les termes du bilan. La recherche entreprise vise à caractériser le fonctionnement hydrologique du bassin de la Donga par croisement de données pluviométriques, piézométriques, hydrométriques et géochimiques dans un contexte de forte variabilité climatique ; un accent particulier est mis sur l’identification des composantes majeures de l’écoulement. Le couplage d’approches hydrodynamique et  hydrogéochimique permet la mise en évidence d’un caractère temporaire des eaux de surface, un asynchronisme entre le tarissement des rivières et la vidange des nappes pérennes ainsi qu’une très faible minéralisation des écoulements. Ceci traduit une origine superficielle des débits (apport important des nappes de subsurface) sans contribution significative des nappes pérennes profondes qui semblent être déconnectées du réseau hydrographique. La vidange des nappes profondes s’effectuerait donc par des transferts verticaux, par évapotranspiration (strate arborée) etplus localement, vers des fractures du socle en profondeur.Mots clés : Bénin, Aquifère libre, Traçage géochimique, Hydrodynamique, Rivière tropicale