Militärwissenschaft in der DDR 1949 - 1990: Ideengeschichtliche Grundlagen, Erkenntnisstand und kritische Wertung

Autoren-Beiträge des Werkstattgespräches vom 5. bis 7. November 1992 in Dresden: Über ideengeschichtliche Grundlagen, Erkenntnisstand und kritische Wertung der Militärwissenschaft in der DDR.:Vorbemerkung: Wolfgang Scheler. Autorenbeiträge: Dietmar Schössler, Erkenntnisinteresse an Militärwissenschaft – allgemein und speziell (DDR) – was bleibt? Klaus Kulisch, Militärwissenschaft und Nationale Volksarmee. Begriffliches und Geschichtliches. Rolf Lehmann, Das sowjetische militärstrategische Denken und die Militärwissenschaft in der DDR. Eberhard Arnold, NATO-Strategie und NATO-Streitkräfte aus der Sicht des Warschauer Vertrages – Ein kritischer Rückblick Wolfgang Scheler, Die weltanschauliche und ideologische Grundlage der Militärwissenschaft in der DDR. Entstehung, Entwicklung und Bruch. Ernst Woit, Philosophieren über Krieg und Frieden im kalten Krieg. Joachim Klopfer, Zur Kritik allgemein-theoretischer Positionen der Militärwissenschaft in der DDR. Harald Kießlich-Köcher, Zur Entwicklung der Ansichten über den Krieg mit Massenvernichtungswaffen. Eberhard Sturm, Die Entwicklung der taktischen Ansichten der Landstreitkräfte. Wolfgang Demmer, Gedanken zur Militärwissenschaft. Autoren

Philosophisches Denken über Krieg und Frieden: Umwälzende Einsichten an der Militärakademie und ihr Fortwirken in der Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitspolitik e. V.: Beiträge zum Kolloquium am 13. September 2005

Neues Denken in der DDR und zum Projekt neuer Sicherheitspolitik in der militärakademischen Forschung; Vielfältige Fortsetzung der Idee in der Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitspolitik e. V.; Widerspiegelung in der Bundeswehr; Friedensfähigkeit und Epocheverständnis.:Eröffnung Wolfgang Scheler, In memoriam Prof. Dr. Rolf Lehmann. Autorenbeiträge: Wolfgang Scheler, Philosophisches Denken über Krieg und Frieden - damals und jetzt. Hermann Hagena, Reflexionen des neuen Denkens in der Bundeswehr. Hermann Schierz, Neues Denken über Krieg und Frieden an der Offiziershochschule der LSK/LV und in der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Hans Süß, Neues Denken und Militärreform. Paul Heider, Neues Denken über Krieg und Frieden und das Militärgeschichtliche Institut der DDR. Ernst Woit, Friedensphilosophie und Epocheverständnis. Horst Großmann, Geopolitische Bedingungen für Krieg und Frieden. Lothar Glaß, Ideelle Bedingungen des Friedens. Eberhard Arnold, Anmerkungen zum Problemkreis ´Bedrohung´. Publikationen zum Thema des Kolloquiums (Auswahl)

Apolipoprotein A-IV Serum Concentrations Are Elevated in Patients with Mild and Moderate Renal Failure

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Unravelling intravertebral integration, modularity and disparity in Felidae (Mammalia)

Morphological integration and modularity, which describe the relationships among morphological attributes and reflect genetic, developmental, and functional interactions, have been hypothesized to be major influences on trait responses to selection and thus morphological evolution. The mammalian presacral vertebral column shows little variation in vertebral count and therefore specialization for function occurs primarily through modification of vertebral shape. However, vertebral shape has been suggested to be under strong control from developmental canalization, although this has never been explicitly tested. Here, we assess hypotheses of developmental modules in the vertebrae of felids to determine whether developmental interactions are a primary influence on vertebral modularity. Additionally, we analyze the magnitudes of both intravertebral integration and disparity to evaluate if level of integration varies along the vertebral column and, if so, whether integration and disparity are associated. Our results confirm the hypothesis of vertebral developmental modularity, with most presacral vertebrae displaying two modules. Exceptions are concentrated in the boundaries among traditional and functional regions, suggesting that intravertebral modularity may reflect larger-scale modularity of the felid vertebral column. We further demonstrate that overall integration and disparity are highest in posterior vertebrae, thus providing an empirical example of integration potentially promoting greater morphological responses to selection

Impact of selected comorbidities on the presentation and management of aortic stenosis

Background: Contemporary data regarding the impact of comorbidities on the clinical presentation and management of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) are scarce. Methods Prospective registry of severe patients with AS across 23 centres in nine European countries. Results Of the 2171 patients, chronic kidney disease (CKD 27.3%), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) = 2 of these). The decision to perform aortic valve replacement (AVR) was taken in a comparable proportion (67%, 72% and 69%, in patients with 0, 1 and >= 2 comorbidities;p=0.186). However, the decision for TAVI was more common with more comorbidities (35.4%, 54.0% and 57.0% for no, 1 and >= 2;p= 2 comorbidities than in those without (8.7%, 10.0% and 15.7%;p= 2 comorbidities (30.8 days) than in those without (35.7 days;p=0.012). Patients with reduced LVEF tended to be offered an AVR more frequently and with a shorter delay while patients with CKD were less frequently treated. Conclusions: Comorbidities in severe patients with AS affect the presentation and management of patients with severe AS. TAVI was offered more often than SAVR and performed within a shorter time period

Evolutionary connectionism: algorithmic principles underlying the evolution of biological organisation in evo-devo, evo-eco and evolutionary transitions

The mechanisms of variation, selection and inheritance, on which evolution by natural selection depends, are not fixed over evolutionary time. Current evolutionary biology is increasingly focussed on understanding how the evolution of developmental organisations modifies the distribution of phenotypic variation, the evolution of ecological relationships modifies the selective environment, and the evolution of reproductive relationships modifies the heritability of the evolutionary unit. The major transitions in evolution, in particular, involve radical changes in developmental, ecological and reproductive organisations that instantiate variation, selection and inheritance at a higher level of biological organisation. However, current evolutionary theory is poorly equipped to describe how these organisations change over evolutionary time and especially how that results in adaptive complexes at successive scales of organisation (the key problem is that evolution is self-referential, i.e. the products of evolution change the parameters of the evolutionary process). Here we first reinterpret the central open questions in these domains from a perspective that emphasises the common underlying themes. We then synthesise the findings from a developing body of work that is building a new theoretical approach to these questions by converting well-understood theory and results from models of cognitive learning. Specifically, connectionist models of memory and learning demonstrate how simple incremental mechanisms, adjusting the relationships between individually-simple components, can produce organisations that exhibit complex system-level behaviours and improve the adaptive capabilities of the system. We use the term “evolutionary connectionism” to recognise that, by functionally equivalent processes, natural selection acting on the relationships within and between evolutionary entities can result in organisations that produce complex system-level behaviours in evolutionary systems and modify the adaptive capabilities of natural selection over time. We review the evidence supporting the functional equivalences between the domains of learning and of evolution, and discuss the potential for this to resolve conceptual problems in our understanding of the evolution of developmental, ecological and reproductive organisations and, in particular, the major evolutionary transitions

Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection favor aggressive, young males in polyandrous groups of red junglefowl

A challenge in evolutionary biology is to understand the operation of sexual selection on males in polyandrous groups, where sexual selection occurs before and after mating. Here, we combine fine-grained behavioral information (>41,000 interactions) with molecular parentage data to study sexual selection in replicated, age-structured groups of polyandrous red junglefowl, Gallus gallus. Male reproductive success was determined by the number of females mated (precopulatory sexual selection) and his paternity share, which was driven by the polyandry of his female partners (postcopulatory sexual selection). Pre- and postcopulatory components of male reproductive success covaried positively; males with high mating success also had high paternity share. Two male phenotypes affected male pre- and postcopulatory performance: average aggressiveness toward rival males and age. Aggressive males mated with more females and more often with individual females, resulting in higher sexual exclusivity. Similarly, younger males mated with more females and more often with individual females, suffering less intense sperm competition than older males. Older males had a lower paternity share even allowing for their limited sexual exclusivity, indicating they may produce less competitive ejaculates. These results show that—in these populations—postcopulatory sexual selection reinforces precopulatory sexual selection, consistently promoting younger and more aggressive males

Ensembles and experiments in classical and quantum physics

A philosophically consistent axiomatic approach to classical and quantum mechanics is given. The approach realizes a strong formal implementation of Bohr's correspondence principle. In all instances, classical and quantum concepts are fully parallel: the same general theory has a classical realization and a quantum realization. Extending the `probability via expectation' approach of Whittle to noncommuting quantities, this paper defines quantities, ensembles, and experiments as mathematical concepts and shows how to model complementarity, uncertainty, probability, nonlocality and dynamics in these terms. The approach carries no connotation of unlimited repeatability; hence it can be applied to unique systems such as the universe. Consistent experiments provide an elegant solution to the reality problem, confirming the insistence of the orthodox Copenhagen interpretation on that there is nothing but ensembles, while avoiding its elusive reality picture. The weak law of large numbers explains the emergence of classical properties for macroscopic systems.Comment: 56 page

From pole to pole : 33 years of physical oceanography onboard R/V Polarstern

Measuring temperature and salinity profiles in the world's oceans is crucial to understanding ocean dynamics and its influence on the heat budget, the water cycle, the marine environment and on our climate. Since 1983 the German research vessel and icebreaker Polarstern has been the platform of numerous CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth instrument) deployments in the Arctic and the Antarctic. We report on a unique data collection spanning 33 years of polar CTD data. In total 131 data sets (1 data set per cruise leg) containing data from 10 063 CTD casts are now freely available at doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.860066. During this long period five CTD types with different characteristics and accuracies have been used. Therefore the instruments and processing procedures (sensor calibration, data validation, etc.) are described in detail. This compilation is special not only with regard to the quantity but also the quality of the data -the latter indicated for each data set using defined quality codes. The complete data collection includes a number of repeated sections for which the quality code can be used to investigate and evaluate long-term changes. Beginning with 2010, the salinity measurements presented here are of the highest quality possible in this field owing to the introduction of the OPTIMARE Precision Salinometer.Peer reviewe