575 research outputs found
The Phase Behavior of Mixed Lipid Membranes in Presence of the Rippled Phase
We propose a model describing liquid-solid phase coexistence in mixed lipid
membranes by including explicitly the occurrence of a rippled phase. For a
single component membrane, we employ a previous model in which the membrane
thickness is used as an order parameter. As function of temperature, this model
properly accounts for the phase behavior of the three possible membrane phases:
solid, liquid and the rippled phase. Our primary aim is to explore extensions
of this model to binary lipid mixtures by considering the composition
dependence of important model parameters. The obtained phase diagrams show
various liquid, solid and rippled phase coexistence regions, and are in
quantitative agreement with the experimental ones for some specific lipid
mixtures.Comment: 8pages, 5figure
Universality in nonadiabatic behaviour of classical actions in nonlinear models with separatrix crossings
We discuss dynamics of approximate adiabatic invariants in several nonlinear
models being related to physics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). We show
that nonadiabatic dynamics in Feshbach resonance passage, nonlinear
Landau-Zener (NLZ) tunnelling, and BEC tunnelling oscillations in a double-well
can be considered within a unifying approach based on the theory of separatrix
crossings. The separatrix crossing theory was applied previously to some
problems of classical mechanics, plasma physics and hydrodynamics, but has not
been used in the rapidly growing BEC-related field yet. We derive explicit
formulas for the change in the action in several models. Extensive numerical
calculations support the theory and demonstrate its universal character. We
also discovered a qualitatively new nonlinear phenomenon in a NLZ model which
we propose to call {\em separated adiabatic tunnelling}Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review E; Several misprints are
corrected; main results are emphasized in the end of Introduction (including
finite conversion efficiency in Feshbach resonance passage due to geometric
jump in the action); bibliography is extende
Topological character of hydrodynamic screening in suspensions of hard spheres: an example of universal phenomenon
Although in the case of polymer solutions the existence of hydrodynamic
screening is considered as established, use of the same methods for suspensions
of hard spheres so far have failed to produce similar results. In this work we
reconsider this problem. Using superposition of topological, combinatorial and
London-style qualitative arguments, we prove the existence of screening in
suspensions. We show that the nature of hydrodynamic screening in suspensions
is analogous to that known for the Meissner effect in superconductors. The
extent of screening depends on volume fraction of hard spheres. The zero volume
fraction limit corresponds to the normal state. The case of finite volume
fractions-to the mixed state typical for superconductors of the second kind.
Such a state is becoming fully "superconducting" at some critical volume
fraction for which the (zero frequency) relative viscosity diverges. Our
analytical results describing this divergence are in accord with known scaling
results obtained by Brady and Bicerano et al which are well supported by
experimental data. We provide theoretical explanation of the divergence of
relative viscosity in terms of a topological-type transition which
mathematically can be made isomorphic to the more familiar Bose-Einstein
condensation transition. Because of this, the methods developed in this work
are not limited to suspensions only. In concluding section we mention other
applications of the developed formalism ranging from turbulence and
magnetohydrodynamics to high temperature superconductors, QCD, string models,
etc.Comment: 49 page
Cosmic-ray strangelets in the Earth's atmosphere
If strange quark matter is stable in small lumps, we expect to find such
lumps, called ``strangelets'', on Earth due to a steady flux in cosmic rays.
Following recent astrophysical models, we predict the strangelet flux at the
top of the atmosphere, and trace the strangelets' behavior in atmospheric
chemistry and circulation. We show that several strangelet species may have
large abundances in the atmosphere; that they should respond favorably to
laboratory-scale preconcentration techniques; and that they present promising
targets for mass spectroscopy experiments.Comment: 28 pages, 4 figures, revtex
Linear Collider Test of a Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Mechanism in left-right Symmetric Theories
There are various diagrams leading to neutrinoless double beta decay in
left-right symmetric theories based on the gauge group SU(2)_L x SU(2)_R. All
can in principle be tested at a linear collider running in electron-electron
mode. We argue that the so-called lambda-diagram is the most promising one.
Taking the current limit on this diagram from double beta decay experiments, we
evaluate the relevant cross section e e to W_L W_R, where W_L is the Standard
Model W-boson and W_R the one from SU(2)_R. It is observable if the life-time
of double beta decay and the mass of the W_R are close to current limits. Beam
polarization effects and the high-energy behaviour of the cross section are
also analyzed.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures. v2: minor changes, references added, to be
published in EPJ
Neural expression and post-transcriptional dosage compensation of the steroid metabolic enzyme 17β-HSD type 4
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Steroids affect many tissues, including the brain. In the zebra finch, the estrogenic steroid estradiol (E<sub>2</sub>) is especially effective at promoting growth of the neural circuit specialized for song. In this species, only the males sing and they have a much larger and more interconnected song circuit than females. Thus, it was surprising that the gene for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (HSD17B4), an enzyme that converts E<sub>2 </sub>to a less potent estrogen, had been mapped to the Z sex chromosome. As a consequence, it was likely that HSD17B4 was differentially expressed in males (ZZ) and females (ZW) because dosage compensation of Z chromosome genes is incomplete in birds. If a higher abundance of HSD17B4 mRNA in males than females was translated into functional enzyme in the brain, then contrary to expectation, males could produce less E<sub>2 </sub>in their brains than females.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here, we used molecular and biochemical techniques to confirm the HSD17B4 Z chromosome location in the zebra finch and to determine that HSD17B4 mRNA and activity were detectable in the early developing and adult brain. As expected, HSD17B4 mRNA expression levels were higher in males compared to females. This provides further evidence of the incomplete Z chromosome inactivation mechanisms in birds. We detected HSD17B4 mRNA in regions that suggested a role for this enzyme in the early organization and adult function of song nuclei. We did not, however, detect significant sex differences in HSD17B4 activity levels in the adult brain.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results demonstrate that the HSD17B4 gene is expressed and active in the zebra finch brain as an E<sub>2 </sub>metabolizing enzyme, but that dosage compensation of this Z-linked gene may occur via post-transcriptional mechanisms.</p
Genomic and neural analysis of the estradiol-synthetic pathway in the zebra finch
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Steroids are small molecule hormones derived from cholesterol. Steroids affect many tissues, including the brain. In the zebra finch, estrogenic steroids are particularly interesting because they masculinize the neural circuit that controls singing and their synthesis in the brain is modulated by experience. Here, we analyzed the zebra finch genome assembly to assess the content, conservation, and organization of genes that code for components of the estrogen-synthetic pathway and steroid nuclear receptors. Based on these analyses, we also investigated neural expression of a cholesterol transport protein gene in the context of song neurobiology.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We present sequence-based analysis of twenty steroid-related genes using the genome assembly and other resources. Generally, zebra finch genes showed high homology to genes in other species. The diversity of steroidogenic enzymes and receptors may be lower in songbirds than in mammals; we were unable to identify all known mammalian isoforms of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase families in the zebra finch genome assembly, and not all splice sites described in mammals were identified in the corresponding zebra finch genes. We did identify two factors, Nobox and NR1H2-RXR, that may be important for coordinated transcription of multiple steroid-related genes. We found very little qualitative overlap in predicted transcription factor binding sites in the genes for two cholesterol transport proteins, the 18 kDa cholesterol transport protein (TSPO) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). We therefore performed in situ hybridization for TSPO and found that its mRNA was not always detected in brain regions where StAR and steroidogenic enzymes were previously shown to be expressed. Also, transcription of TSPO, but not StAR, may be regulated by the experience of hearing song.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The genes required for estradiol synthesis and action are represented in the zebra finch genome assembly, though the complement of steroidogenic genes may be smaller in birds than in mammals. Coordinated transcription of multiple steroidogenic genes is possible, but results were inconsistent with the hypothesis that StAR and TSPO mRNAs are co-regulated. Integration of genomic and neuroanatomical analyses will continue to provide insights into the evolution and function of steroidogenesis in the songbird brain.</p
Out of the shadows: Classifying economies by the extent and nature of employment in the informal economy
Given the prevalence of informality, this article proposes a typology for classifying countries by the extent and nature of employment in the informal economy, rather than by the composition of their formal economies. The author analyses ILO data on employment in the informal economy in 36 developing countries, and shows that there is a significant correlation between cross-national variations in the degree and intensity of informalization and cross-national variations in social and economic indicators such as levels of GNP per capita, corruption, poverty, taxation and social contributions. The article concludes by discussing implications for theory and policy
Cruciferous Vegetables and Risk of Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Cancers of the oropharyngeal tissues, oesophagus, stomach and colorectum are amongst the most common causes of death from cancer throughout the world. Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables is thought to be protective, and cruciferous vegetables are of particular interest because of their unique role as a source of biologically active glucosinolate breakdown products. A literature review of primary studies and meta‐analyses indicates that higher consumption of cruciferous vegetables probably reduces the risk of colorectal and gastric cancers by approximately 8% and 19% respectively. Some studies support the hypothesis that the protective effect against colorectal cancer is modified by genetic polymorphisms of genes regulating the expression of enzymes of the glutathione S‐transferase family, but due to contradictory findings the evidence is currently inconclusive. Despite these promising findings, future epidemiological research on the protective effects of cruciferous plants will depend critically upon accurate measurement of dietary exposure, both to the vegetables themselves, and to their active constituents. The development of sensitive chemical assays has facilitated the measurement of urinary excretion of isothiocyanate metabolites as an objective biomarker of intake, but sampling strategies need to be optimised in order to assess long‐term exposures at the population level
The genome of a songbird
The zebra finch is an important model organism in several fields with unique relevance to human neuroscience. Like other songbirds, the zebra finch communicates through learned vocalizations, an ability otherwise documented only in humans and a few other animals and lacking in the chickenthe only bird with a sequenced genome until now. Here we present a structural, functional and comparative analysis of the genome sequence of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), which is a songbird belonging to the large avian order Passeriformes. We find that the overall structures of the genomes are similar in zebra finch and chicken, but they differ in many intrachromosomal rearrangements, lineage-specific gene family expansions, the number of long-terminal-repeat- based retrotransposons, and mechanisms of sex chromosome dosage compensation. We show that song behaviour engages gene regulatory networks in the zebra finch brain, altering the expression of long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, transcription factors and their targets. We also show evidence for rapid molecular evolution in the songbird lineage of genes that are regulated during song experience. These results indicate an active involvement of the genome in neural processes underlying vocal communication and identify potential genetic substrates for the evolution and regulation of this behaviour. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
- …