Seed oil content and composition of Jatropha curcas (L.) and grafted Jatropha curcas (L.) on Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Muell. Arg. rootstock

Jatropha curcas has been investigated for its high content of oil, its moderate salinity and drought tolerance, and Jatropha cinerea is a species that can withstand long drought periods and tolerate salinity up to 100 mM of NaCl. The aim of this study was to graft J. curcas plants on J. cinerea and grow them in experimental semiarid conditions, different soil and climate conditions from those of J. curcas native area to analyze their effects on oil seed composition and content. The survival of grafted J. curcas on J. cinerea rootstock was 95%. Seeds from grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine their oil content. The grafted plants showed greater height (150.7 cm) and oil content (51.3%) than the non-grafted plants (123.5 cm and 49.2%, respectively) without affecting their fatty acid composition. The meteorological information of the experimental plot (Baja California Sur, Mexico) showed values below those necessary for good phenological development; nonetheless, the graft improved its characteristics. Therefore, the use of grafted plants is an option for the establishment of J. curcas plantations in other parts of the world with different soil and climate conditions than those where they grow in the wild.Jatropha curcas has been investigated for its high content of oil, its moderate salinity and drought tolerance, and Jatropha cinerea is a species that can withstand long drought periods and tolerate salinity up to 100 mM of NaCl. The aim of this study was to graft J. curcas plants on J. cinerea and grow them in experimental semiarid conditions, different soil and climate conditions from those of J. curcas native area to analyze their effects on oil seed composition and content. The survival of grafted J. curcas on J. cinerea rootstock was 95%. Seeds from grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine their oil content. The grafted plants showed greater height (150.7 cm) and oil content (51.3%) than the non-grafted plants (123.5 cm and 49.2%, respectively) without affecting their fatty acid composition. The meteorological information of the experimental plot (Baja California Sur, Mexico) showed values below those necessary for good phenological development; nonetheless, the graft improved its characteristics. Therefore, the use of grafted plants is an option for the establishment of J. curcas plantations in other parts of the world with different soil and climate conditions than those where they grow in the wild

Traditional wisdom confirmed by scientific research: Jatropha species from Mexico is non-toxic

The seeds of _Jatropha platyphylla_, available on the pacific coast from Sinaloa to Michoacán including the Nayarit and Jalisco states in Mexico, are consumed by local communities after roasting them in a manner similar to that used for peanuts. The kernels and kernel meal of _J. platyphylla_ were found to be free of phorbol esters but the kernel meal contained antinutritional factors: trypsin inhibitor, lectins and phytate at levels similar to those in _J. curcas_ kernel meal. However, trypsin inhibitor and lectins are heat labile so this explains why the local people can eat roasted seeds without ill effect. The fatty acid profile of _J. platyphylla_ oil was similar to that of _J. curcas_ and the kernels of both these species contained _ca_ 58% oil. The crude protein content of _J. platyphylla_ kernel meal was 75% against 60% in _J. curcas_, and the amino acid compositions were similar. All the essential amino acids, except lysine, were more abundant than, or comparable to those, in soybean meal or the FAO Reference protein.

	Tilapia and other fish species have been found to be particularly sensitive to Jatropha toxins. For this reason they are useful subjects for bioassays. The heated _J. platyphylla_ kernel meal was included in a standard diet (crude protein 36%) for Nile tilapia (_Oreochromis niloticus_) to replace 50% of the fish meal protein. The fish grew as well as those on a control diet in which none of the fish meal was replaced and those on a diet in which 50% of the fish meal protein was replaced by soybean meal. In all the three groups, blood biochemical parameters that serve as biomarkers for toxicity were within the normal ranges. This study confirmed the non-toxic nature of _J. platyphylla_. 

	The kernels and kernel meal of this species could help alleviate protein and energy deficiency in malnourished children in the lower mountain skirts of pacific coastal areas of Mexico. It could also be used to produce new cultivars with desirable traits using conventional inter species cross breeding and molecular breeding techniques. 
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Phenology, productivity, and chemical characterization of Jatropha curcas L. as tool for selecting non-toxic elite germplasm

A phenological, physical and chemical descriptive study was carried out on six germplasms of Jatropha curcas L. collected from different areas of Mexico. From these six germplasms, elite germplasms that are better adaptable, with high seed, oil and protein yield, and low levels of phorbol esters were identified. The thermal constant (2570 ± 9) and seed weight (0.695 ± 0.065 g) were similar in all the six germplasms. The average plant height was 1.47 ± 0.25 m after one year of evaluation. Variation in the number of inflorescences (0 to 22) and seed yield (27.35 ± 22.65 g) per plant, and fruit per cluster (2.9 ± 2.2) was considerable. Kernel oil and crude protein contents were 57 ± 3% and 26 ± 2%, respectively. Germplasms India and Isla (Veracruz) had the highest levels of phorbol esters (5.982 and 2.070 mg·g-1, respectively). The reproductive stage and phorbol esters content were critical in selecting elite germplasms. Based on our results, we were able to select three elite germplasms.Key words: Jatropha curcas, elite germplasm, accumulated degree days (ADD), yield, oil, protein, phorbol esters

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 8

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, volumen 8, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, que cuenta con el esfuerzo de investigadores de varios países del mundo, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico que consoliden la transformación del conocimiento en diferentes escenarios, tanto organizacionales como universitarios, para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas del quehacer diario. La gestión del conocimiento es un camino para consolidar una plataforma en las empresas públicas o privadas, entidades educativas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, ya sea generando políticas para todas las jerarquías o un modelo de gestión para la administración, donde es fundamental articular el conocimiento, los trabajadores, directivos, el espacio de trabajo, hacia la creación de ambientes propicios para el desarrollo integral de las instituciones

Effect of oil supplementation extracted from nontoxic purging nut (Jatropha curcas L) on carcass traits, tissue composition, muscle CLA concentration, and visceral mass of feedlot lambs

The effects of purging nut (Jatropha curcas, JCO) supplementation (0, 2, 4, and 6%, DM basis of diet) on carcass traits, tissue composition and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) concentration in muscle was evaluated in twenty intact male lambs fed a finishing diet during 56 d. The linoleic acid proportion in JCO was 50%. Lambs were harvested at a final weight of 54.03±2.9 kg. There were no treatment effects on hot carcass weight (HCW), longissimus muscle (LM) area nor kidney-pelvic fat. However, as JCO supplementation increased, dressing percentage was decreased and fat thickness was increased. Increasing JCO in diet decreases the proportion of muscle and increases the proportion of fat in whole shoulder clod. Content of stearic acid (C18:0) in LM was not affected by JCO. However, JCO linearly increased total CLA, and hence, the CLA:C18:0 ratio. Empty body or visceral mass were not affected by JCO. Increasing JCO in diet increases visceral fat mainly through increased mesenteric fat. It is concluded that supplemental JCO does not negatively affect HCW and LM area, and represents a viable alternative for increasing CLA concentration in meat of finishing feedlot lambs

Loading and Release of Phenolic Compounds Present in Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens) in Different Chitosan Bio-Polymeric Cationic Matrixes

Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) polyphenols have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, but low bioaccessibility. Therefore, in the present work the micro/nano-encapsulation of these compounds in two different matrixes of chitosan (CS) and chitosan-b-poly(PEGMA2000) (CS-b-PPEGMA) is described and assessed. The particle sizes of matrixes of CS (~955 nm) and CS-b-PPEGMA (~190 nm) increased by 10% and 50%, respectively, when the phenolic compounds were encapsulated, yielding loading efficiencies (LE) between 90–99% and 50–60%, correspondingly. The release profiles in simulated fluids revealed a better control of host–guest interactions by using the CS-b-PPEGMA matrix, reaching phenolic compounds release of 80% after 24 h, while single CS retained the guest compounds. The total reducing capacity (TRC) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the phenolic compounds (PPHs) are protected and increased (more than five times) when they are encapsulated. Thus, this investigation provides a standard encapsulation strategy and relevant results regarding nutraceuticals stabilization and their improved bioaccessibility