77 research outputs found
Knowledge is a Region in Weight Space for Fine-tuned Language Models
Research on neural networks has focused on understanding a single model
trained on a single dataset. However, relatively little is known about the
relationships between different models, particularly those trained or tested on
different datasets. We address this by studying how the weight space and the
underlying loss landscape of different models are interconnected.
Specifically, we demonstrate that finetuned models that were optimized for
high performance, reside in well-defined regions in weight space, and vice
versa -- that any model that resides anywhere in those regions also exhibits
high performance. Notably, we show that language models that have been
finetuned on the same dataset form a tight cluster in the weight space, while
models finetuned on different datasets from the same underlying task form a
looser cluster. Moreover, traversing around the region between the models leads
to new models that perform comparably or even better than models obtained via
finetuning, even on tasks that the original models were not finetuned on.
Our findings provide insight into the relationships between models,
demonstrating that a model positioned between two similar models can acquire
the knowledge of both. We leverage this and design a method for selecting a
better model for efficient finetuning. Specifically, we show that starting from
the center of the region is as effective, if not more, than using the
pretrained model in 11 out of 12 datasets, resulting in an average accuracy
improvement of 3.06
The dissipative quantum Duffing oscillator: a comparison of Floquet-based approaches
We study the dissipative quantum Duffing oscillator in the deep quantum
regime with two different approaches: The first is based on the exact Floquet
states of the linear oscillator and the nonlinearity is treated perturbatively.
It well describes the nonlinear oscillator dynamics away from resonance. The
second, in contrast, is applicable at and in the vicinity of a N-photon
resonance and it exploits quasi-degenerate perturbation theory for the
nonlinear oscillator in Floquet space. It is perturbative both in driving and
nonlinearity. A combination of both approaches yields the possibility to cover
the whole range of driving frequencies. As an example we discuss the
dissipative dynamics of the Duffing oscillator near and at the one-photon
resonance.Comment: 38 pages, 4 figure
Hypothalamus–Muscle Parallel Induction of Metabolic Pathways Following Physical Exercise
The modern lifestyle requires less physical activity and skills during our daily routine, leading to multiple pathologies related to physical disabilities and energy accessibility. Thus, exploring the mechanisms underlying the metabolic regulation of exercise is crucial. Here, we characterized the effect of forced and voluntary endurance exercises on three key metabolic signaling pathways, sirtuins, AMPK, and mTOR, across several metabolic tissues in mice: brain, muscles, and liver. Both voluntary and forced exercises induced AMPK with higher intensity in the first. The comparison between those metabolic tissues revealed that the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, two brain parts, showed different metabolic signaling activities. Strikingly, despite the major differences in the physiology of muscles and hypothalamic tissues, the hypothalamus replicates the metabolic response of the muscle in response to physical exercise. Specifically, muscles and hypothalamic tissues showed an increase and a decrease in AMPK and mTOR signaling, respectively. Overall, this study reveals new insight into the relation between the hypothalamus and muscles, which enhances the coordination within the muscle–brain axis and potentially improves the systemic response to physical activity performance and delaying health inactivity disorders
Theories of Reference: What Was the Question?
The new theory of reference has won popularity. However, a number of noted philosophers have also attempted to reply to the critical arguments of Kripke and others, and aimed to vindicate the description theory of reference. Such responses are often based on ingenious novel kinds of descriptions, such as rigidified descriptions, causal descriptions, and metalinguistic descriptions. This prolonged debate raises the doubt whether different parties really have any shared understanding of what the central question of the philosophical theory of reference is: what is the main question to which descriptivism and the causal-historical theory have presented competing answers. One aim of the paper is to clarify this issue. The most influential objections to the new theory of reference are critically reviewed. Special attention is also paid to certain important later advances in the new theory of reference, due to Devitt and others
Optically levitated nanoparticle as a model system for stochastic bistable dynamics
Nano-mechanical resonators have gained an increasing importance in nanotechnology owing to their contributions to both fundamental and applied science. Yet, their small dimensions and mass raises some challenges as their dynamics gets dominated by nonlinearities that degrade their performance, for instance in sensing applications. Here, we report on the precise control of the nonlinear and stochastic bistable dynamics of a levitated nanoparticle in high vacuum. We demonstrate how it can lead to efficient signal amplification schemes, including stochastic resonance. This work contributes to showing the use of levitated nanoparticles as a model system for stochastic bistable dynamics, with applications to a wide variety of fields.inancial support from the ERC- QnanoMECA (Grant No. 64790), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under grant FIS2016-80293-R and through the ‘Severo Ochoa’ Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-0522), Fundació Privada CELLEX and from the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. J.G. has been supported by H2020-MSCA-IF-2014 under REA grant Agreement No. 655369. L.R. acknowledges support from an ETH Marie Curie Cofund Fellowship
Association between carotid area calcifications and periodontal risk: a cross sectional study of panoramic radiographic findings
Mechanical systems in the quantum regime
Mechanical systems are ideal candidates for studying quantumbehavior of
macroscopic objects. To this end, a mechanical resonator has to be cooled to
its ground state and its position has to be measured with great accuracy.
Currently, various routes to reach these goals are being explored. In this
review, we discuss different techniques for sensitive position detection and we
give an overview of the cooling techniques that are being employed. The latter
include sideband cooling and active feedback cooling. The basic concepts that
are important when measuring on mechanical systems with high accuracy and/or at
very low temperatures, such as thermal and quantum noise, linear response
theory, and backaction, are explained. From this, the quantum limit on linear
position detection is obtained and the sensitivities that have been achieved in
recent opto and nanoelectromechanical experiments are compared to this limit.
The mechanical resonators that are used in the experiments range from
meter-sized gravitational wave detectors to nanomechanical systems that can
only be read out using mesoscopic devices such as single-electron transistors
or superconducting quantum interference devices. A special class of
nanomechanical systems are bottom-up fabricated carbon-based devices, which
have very high frequencies and yet a large zero-point motion, making them ideal
for reaching the quantum regime. The mechanics of some of the different
mechanical systems at the nanoscale is studied. We conclude this review with an
outlook of how state-of-the-art mechanical resonators can be improved to study
quantum {\it mechanics}.Comment: To appear in Phys. Re
Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of
aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs)
can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves
excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological
concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can
lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl
radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic
inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the
involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a
large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and
inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation
of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many
similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e.
iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The
studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic
and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and
lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and
longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is
thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As
systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have
multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent
patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of
multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the
decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference
Ectopic pregnancy secondary to in vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer: pathogenic mechanisms and management strategies
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