Some effects of simultaneous administration of crude aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica leaves and tetracyline on the liver of adults wistar rats

This study was designed to determine the simultaneous effect of Mangifera indica crude aqueous extract and the therapeutic dose of tetracycline on some hepatic enzymes (ALT and AST) and histology of the liver of adult wistar rats. 25 wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: Group A was untreated and served as control group, group B was treated with only 2mL of mango leaves decoction, group C was treated with only 5.4mg/kg of tetracycline, group D was treated with 1mL of mango leaves decoction and 4.8mg/kg of tetracycline and group E was treated with 3mL of mango leaves decoction and 7.7mg/kg of tetracycline simultaneously. The administration period lasted for only 14 days which was given gavagely and the rats were sacrificed on the 15th day by cervical dislocation. The liver was removed, fixed in 10% formal saline and stained in H and E. The transaminase enzymes (the AST and ALT) were measured to determine possible changes in their hepatic leaves. The result shows that the crude aqueous extract of mango levels has adverse effect on the morphology and some hepatic enzyme (ALT and AST) of the liver (such as enlargement of the central vein, reduction in the size of sinusoids), the therapeutic dose of the tetracycline have no detrimental effect on the morphology and the hepatic enzymes of the liver. In conclusion, the extract of mango leaves decoction has adverse effect on the liver histology and the therapeutic dosage of tetracycline has no adverse effect on the histology of the liver.Keywords: Mango leaves, Tetracycline, Liver histology, Liver enzymes (AST and ALT

Global Media, Digital Journalism and the Question of Terrorism: An Empirical Inquest on ISIS

This study examined the role of digital journalism on insecurity and terrorist attacks of ISIS as reported by media outlets. This study was anchored on the framing theory, which stipulates that the digital media as the machinery of development communication for creating awareness of security issues. The method adopted was content analysis, which analyzed 30 news videos of ISIS terrorist activities based on Youtube. Also, four research questions were adequately answered in this study. From the findings, global media outlets framed their reports to secure sympathy from its global audience for the victims of extreme violence. The result indicated that more than 70% of CNN news reports were framed on the nature of terrorist attacks by ISIS. CNN built a media agenda on the patterns of attacks by ISIS. It was recommended that global media outlets should give sufficient attention to issues of security and terrorism across the globe

Adolescents Health and Management of Sexual Risk Taking Behaviour among Selected Secondary School Students in Osun State, Nigeria.

The study aimed at assessing adolescents health and management of sexual risk-taking behaviorus among selected Senior Secondary School Students in Osun State, Nigeria. A sample of 810 students was selected through multistage sampling technique. A self-designed instrument was used to collect data from the respondents. Apart from the face validity of the instrument, its reliability was determine through the pilot study carried out among 20 Senior Secondary School Students of the Seventh-day Adventist School, Ife, it yielded test retest reliability of 0.82: Data collected were analyzed using descriptive analysis of percentages. The results showed that majority of respondents (74.1%) were between 13-15 years while 7.4% were between ages 19 and 21: 58.9% respondents were Christians, 31.4% Muslims 4.8% traditional religion and 4.9% of respondents did not respond. Majority of respondents (735) 90.8% were not sure of what sexual and reproductive health was all about, while only 24.7 (200) agreed that reproductive health deals with both male and female organs. 25.8% of respondents said they willingly had their first sexual experience, 19.4% said they were persuaded to do it, 14.1% were forced to do it and 0.6% were not sure of how they had the experience. High percentage (52.4% of the respondents took no precautionary measure in their first sexual intercourse. Majority of the sexually active respondents (65.9%) said they over heard or currently experience some signs of STDs such as gonorrhea, syphilis and PID. Similarly, some of these respondents (24.7%) managed these conditions through self medications by buying drugs from the chemists while 26.9% went to hospital for treatment. It was concluded that opportunity should be created through awareness campaign for adolescents to develop awareness on their sexuality. Key words Adolescent, Health management, sexual risk-taking, behaviours, secondary school student

Global Media, Digital Journalism and the Question of Terrorism: An Empirical Inquest on ISIS

This study examined the role of digital journalism on insecurity and terrorist attacks of ISIS as reported by media outlets. This study was anchored on the framing theory, which stipulates that the digital media as the machinery of development communication for creating awareness of security issues. The method adopted was content analysis, which analyzed 30 news videos of ISIS terrorist activities based on Youtube. Also, four research questions were adequately answered in this study. From the findings, global media outlets framed their reports to secure sympathy from its global audience for the victims of extreme violence. The result indicated that more than 70% of CNN news reports were framed on the nature of terrorist attacks by ISIS. CNN built a media agenda on the patterns of attacks by ISIS. It was recommended that global media outlets should give sufficient attention to issues of security and terrorism across the globe

Global validation of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections : a prospective multicentre study (WISS Study)

Background: To validate a new practical Sepsis Severity Score for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) including the clinical conditions at the admission (severe sepsis/septic shock), the origin of the cIAIs, the delay in source control, the setting of acquisition and any risk factors such as age and immunosuppression. Methods: The WISS study (WSES cIAIs Score Study) is a multicenter observational study underwent in 132 medical institutions worldwide during a four-month study period (October 2014-February 2015). Four thousand five hundred thirty-three patients with a mean age of 51.2 years (range 18-99) were enrolled in the WISS study. Results: Univariate analysis has shown that all factors that were previously included in the WSES Sepsis Severity Score were highly statistically significant between those who died and those who survived (p <0.0001). The multivariate logistic regression model was highly significant (p <0.0001, R-2 = 0.54) and showed that all these factors were independent in predicting mortality of sepsis. Receiver Operator Curve has shown that the WSES Severity Sepsis Score had an excellent prediction for mortality. A score above 5.5 was the best predictor of mortality having a sensitivity of 89.2 %, a specificity of 83.5 % and a positive likelihood ratio of 5.4. Conclusions: WSES Sepsis Severity Score for patients with complicated Intra-abdominal infections can be used on global level. It has shown high sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio that may help us in making clinical decisions.Peer reviewe

Physiological parameters for Prognosis in Abdominal Sepsis (PIPAS) Study : a WSES observational study

BackgroundTiming and adequacy of peritoneal source control are the most important pillars in the management of patients with acute peritonitis. Therefore, early prognostic evaluation of acute peritonitis is paramount to assess the severity and establish a prompt and appropriate treatment. The objectives of this study were to identify clinical and laboratory predictors for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute peritonitis and to develop a warning score system, based on easily recognizable and assessable variables, globally accepted.MethodsThis worldwide multicentre observational study included 153 surgical departments across 56 countries over a 4-month study period between February 1, 2018, and May 31, 2018.ResultsA total of 3137 patients were included, with 1815 (57.9%) men and 1322 (42.1%) women, with a median age of 47years (interquartile range [IQR] 28-66). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 8.9%, with a median length of stay of 6days (IQR 4-10). Using multivariable logistic regression, independent variables associated with in-hospital mortality were identified: age > 80years, malignancy, severe cardiovascular disease, severe chronic kidney disease, respiratory rate >= 22 breaths/min, systolic blood pressure 4mmol/l. These variables were used to create the PIPAS Severity Score, a bedside early warning score for patients with acute peritonitis. The overall mortality was 2.9% for patients who had scores of 0-1, 22.7% for those who had scores of 2-3, 46.8% for those who had scores of 4-5, and 86.7% for those who have scores of 7-8.ConclusionsThe simple PIPAS Severity Score can be used on a global level and can help clinicians to identify patients at high risk for treatment failure and mortality.Peer reviewe

Timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration in an orthopedic hospital in a developing country

Background: Appropriate timing of administration is crucial to the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing surgical site infection. Poor adherence to perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis recommendations has been documented from developed countries, but there is a paucity of data on this subject from Nigeria. The aim of this study was to assess the timeliness of administration of the first dose of prophylactic antibiotics in orthopedic surgery. Materials and Methods: In this observational study in an orthopedic practice, administration of antibiotics in operations done over a 6-month period was investigated. The main outcome measure was timing of antibiotic administration in relation to skin incision and tourniquet application. Optimum timing was defined as prophylactic antibiotic administration 15-60 min before skin incision or tourniquet application. Univariate analysis was performed using CDC-Epi Info TM Version 3.5.1 (August 2008). Results: There were 102 procedures out of which 95 (93.1%) were performed without a tourniquet. Of these 95 procedures, antibiotics were given before skin incision in 53 (55.8%) procedures and administration was optimum only in 16 (16.8%) procedures. The median induction-incision interval was 19 min (range: 3-45 min). Conclusion: Timing of perioperative antibiotic administration was inadequate. Routine administration at induction of anesthesia may promote optimum timing and can be considered as in any practice where no written perioperative antibiotic protocol exists

Assessing the value of system theoretic process analysis in a pharmacovigilance process : an example using signal management

Introduction: To design and run an effective pharmacovigilance system, one must understand potential hazards that may cause the system to fail. System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) is a hazard analysis technique that has been successfully applied in domains including aviation, nuclear power, and defence systems; however, it has not yet been applied to a critical pharmacovigilance process. Objectives: The objective of this project was to assess the value of STPA in pharmacovigilance by using the example of signal management, in order to identify process risks, areas for improvement, and applicable process metrics. Methods: Hierarchical control structure (HCS) is the starting point for STPA. The HCS models a process as a set of interacting feedback control systems, which maintain the system in a “safe state” where losses do not occur. “Losses” can be defined as harm to patients, regulatory non-compliance, or other negative consequences. The HCS viewpoint is a considerable departure from the usual consideration of a pharmacovigilance process as a series of sequential steps carried out by responsible individuals. Following the definition of the HCS, a two-step STPA process was carried out, leading to a set of unsafe actions and scenarios by which process failures could lead to loss. Recommendations were then made to prevent those scenarios that were not already covered by existing features of the process. Results: The signal management process was successfully modelled as a feedback control system, which dynamically ensures that an incoming stream of safety data is accurately reflected in the reference safety information for the product. After creating the HCS, we conducted the STPA itself. This yielded 215 scenarios through which the process could end up in an unsafe state where losses could occur. The scenarios included 91 that were covered by existing measures, 28 related to existing or planned metrics, and 25 were scenarios considered implausible, inconsequential, undetectable, or out-of-scope. The remaining 71 scenarios were consolidated into 8 proposed recommendations for enhancements to metrics, 10 proposed recommendations for enhancements to the process itself, and 8 proposed recommendations regarding infrastructure or related processes, including the associated quality management system. STPA considers “soft” factors such as cultural influences, and this was reflected in several recommendations, for instance regarding training. Conclusion: STPA is a labour-intensive and time-consuming process, most appropriate for high-risk, compliance-critical processes. STPA is a powerful technique for identification of risks in pharmacovigilance systems, and can contribute to process reliability with the potential to improve patient safety and the maintenance of regulatory compliance

Właściwości fizyczne nasion baobabu (Adansonia digitata L.) w zależności od ich wilgotności

The research investigated physical properties of baobab seeds to determine suitable equipment for the processing of its seeds. Pods of baobab used in the study were collected at a local farm in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. Physical properties of the samples, such as moisture contents, mass, axial dimensions, shape indices, true and bulk densities, porosity, angle of repose and surface area were determined. The results showed that physical properties of baobab seeds were stable for moisture content, ranging between 12 to 18% dry mass (dm). The 100 seed mass (g) and geometric mean diameter increased from 0.60 g to 0.62 g and 10.12 to 10.27 mm respectively, in the moisture range of 12 to 18% dm. Other studied ranges of physical properties ranges included: average length (12.22 to 12.63 mm), width (10.10 to 10.28 mm), thickness (8.23 to 8.42 mm,), sphericity, (81.23 to 82.56 mm), surface area (319.42 to 332.53 mm2 ), 50 seed mass (0.60 and 0.62 g), and 1000 seed mass (12 and 12.4 g) within the moisture content range of 12 to 18% dm. The angle of repose of baobab seeds decreased with an increase in moisture content. The maximum value of 29.18o was obtained at 14% moisture content while a minimum value of 24.42o was obtained at 18% moisture. Moisture content had a significant effect on coefficient of friction of baobab seeds on glass, stainless steel, plywood and rubber. In the same moisture range (12-18%), the static coefficient of friction for baobab seeds ranged from 0-739 to 0-905 on stainless steel, 0-960 to 1-190 on galvanized steel, 0-812 to 1-055 on plywood and 0- 496 to 0-950 on glass. The least coefficient of friction values were recorded on stainless steel and glass which implies that baobab seeds will move with lower resistance on these surfaces in post-harvest handling. On the other hand, the resistance will be higher on plywood and glass. The data obtained will serve as guide for agricultural and food engineers, food processors and technicians involved in design and construction of post-harvest equipment used for separating, cleaning, milling and other production processes, to which baobab seeds are subjected.W pracy zbadano właściwości fizyczne nasion baobabu w celu określenia parametrów urządzeń do ich przetwarzania. Strąki baobabu zostały zebrane w gospodarstwie w miejscowości Ilorin w północno-środkowej Nigerii. Właściwości fizyczne określone w pracy to zawartość wilgoci, masa, wymiary osiowe, wskaźniki kształtu, gęstość rzeczywistą i objętościową, porowatość, kąt usypu i powierzchnię. Wyniki wykazały, że właściwości fizyczne nasion baobabu są stabilne dla wilgotności pomiędzy 12 a 18% suchej masy (sm). W zakresie wilgotności od 12 do 18% sm stwierdzono wzrost masy 100 nasion (g) i średniej geometrycznej średnicy odpowiednio z 0,60 g do 0,62 g i 10,12 do 10,27 mm. Pozostałe zbadane zakresy właściwości fizycznych to: średnia długość (12,22 do 12,63 mm), szerokość (10,10 do 10,28 mm), grubość (8,23 do 8,42 mm), kulistość (81,23 do 82,56 mm), pole powierzchni (319,42 do 332,53 mm2 ), masa 50 nasion (0,60 i 0,62 g) oraz masa 1000 nasion (12 i 12,4 g) w zakresie wilgotności od 12 do 18% sm. Kąt usypu zmniejszał się wraz ze wzrostem wilgotności, maksymalną wartość 29,18o uzyskano przy wilgotności 14%, natomiast minimalną 24,42o przy 18% sm. Wilgotność miała istotny wpływ na współczynnik tarcia nasion baobabu na szkle, stali nierdzewnej, sklejce i gumie. W tym samym zakresie wilgotności 12-18% współczynnik tarcia statycznego dla nasion baobabu wynosił od 0-739 do 0-905 na stali nierdzewnej, 0-960 do 1-190 na stali ocynkowanej, 0-812 do 1-055 na sklejce i 0-496 do 0-950 na szkle. Najmniejsze wartości współczynnika tarcia odnotowano na stali nierdzewnej i szkle. Sugeruje to, że nasiona baobabu będą się przesuwać z mniejszym oporem na powierzchniach z tych materiałów, jeżeli wykorzysta się je do produkcji urządzeń przetwórczych, podczas większy opór wystąpi na sklejce i szkle. Uzyskane dane mogą posłużyć technologom rolnictwa i żywności, zakładom przetwórstwa żywności i konstruktorom maszyn do przetwórstwa baobabu, np. urządzeń do sortowania, czyszczenia, mielenia itp