Hubungan Kerapatan Rumput Laut Dengan Substrat Dasar Berbeda Di Perairan Pantai Bandengan, Jepara

Pantai Bandengan adalah salah satu pantai pesisir utara Jawa yang terletak di Kabupaten Jepara, Jawa Tengah. Kabupaten Jepara memiliki potensi sumberdaya pesisir yang besar ditinjau dari keberadaan garis pantainya lebih dari 72 Km. Pantai Bandengan ini juga sebagai habitat rumput lautyang merupakan tumbuhan laut dasar perairan (fitobentos), makroalga, dan termasuk Thallophyta. Rumput laut tergolong tanaman yang hidupnya melekat pada substrat, seperti karang, lumpur, pasir, batu, dan benda keras lainnya atau bahkan melekat pada tumbuhan lain secara epifitik.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan kerapatan rumput laut dengan substrat dasar berbeda di perairan Pantai Bandengan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini deskriptif menggunakan line transek sepanjang 100 meter dan kuadran transek 1x1 meter dengan tiga kali pengambilan. Setiap kuadran transek dilakukan pengukuran parameter fisika dan kimia meliputi kedalaman, kecerahan, kecepatan arus, suhu air, dan pH (untuk mendukung hasil data sampling).Hasil yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini adalah sembilan jenis rumput laut yaitu Halimeda opuntia; Halimeda descoides; Halimeda macroloba; Chordoria flagelliformis; Padina crassa; Sargassum yendoi; Sargassum piluliferum; Sargassum confusum; dan Sargassum duplicatum. Kerapatan tertinggi ditemukan pada Halimeda opuntia (18,19%) atau total 103 individu dengan penutupan substrat (12,54 m2, terbanyak pada substrat pecahan karang). Sedangkan penutupan tertinggi terdapat pada jenis Sargassum duplicatum yaitu 15 m2. Berdasarkan hasil analisa data Chi Kuadrat didapatkan nilai X2 hitung sebesar 72,00 dan nilai X2 tabel sebesar 21,026. Hal tersebut dapat dinyatakan ada hubungan kerapatan rumput laut terhadap substrat dasar karena X2 hitung ≥ X2 tabel yang menyatakan terima H1 tolak H0

Produktivitas Primer Dan Kelimpahan Fitoplankton Pada Area Yang Berbeda Di Sungai Betahwalang, Kabupaten Demak

Sungai Betahwalang banyak dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai aktivitas masyarakat yang tentunya berpengaruh terhadap kesuburan perairan. Kesuburan peraiaran perlu diketahui untuk melihat daya dukung perairan dalam menopang kehidupan organisme. Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui nilai kesuburan perairan adalah dengan menghitung produktivitas primer dan kelimpahan fitoplankton serta variabel fisika-kimia perairan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Februari–Maret 2015 di sungai Betahwalang Demak, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai produktivitas primer; mengetahui kelimpahan fitoplankton, mengetahui perbedaan nilai produktivitas primer dan kelimpahan fitoplankton pada area yang berbeda dan mengetahui hubungan kedua variabel tersebut di sungai Betahwalang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Deskriptif Lokasi sampling ditentukan berdasarkan tiga stasiun dengan aktivitas yang berbeda dimana Stasiun I merupakan dermaga kapal dan pertanian; Stasiun II merupakan kawasan domestik; Stasiun III merupakan area mangrove. Nilai rata-rata produktivitas primer perairan sungai Betahwalang pada ketiga stasiun adalah: Stasiun I 667,2-999,6 mgC/m3/hari; Stasiun II 500,4-999,6 mgC/m3/hari; Stasiun III 667,2-1375,2 mgC/m3/hari. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut sungai Betahwalang dapat dikategorikan sebagai perairan Mesotrofik - Eutrofik. Kelimpahan fitoplankton sungai Betahwalang pada ketiga stasiun adalah: Stasiun I 2.739-4.140 ind/l; Stasiun II 1.656-3.185 ind/l; Stasiun III 1.274-3.822 ind/l. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut sungai Betahwalang dapat dikategorikan sebagai perairan Mesotrofik Berdasarkan uji chi-kuadrat, terdapat perbedaan pada masing-masing stasiun dan pengulangan dimana, nilai X2hitung pada produktivitas primer (X2hitung=396,27) dan kelimpahan fitoplankton (X2hitung=14310,24) lebih besar dari X2tabel (13,28). Hubungan antara produktivitas primer dan kelimpahan fitoplankton menunjukan tidak ada hubungan kuat dimana dibuktikan hasil uji korelasi (r) sebesar -0,00841. Betahwalang River used for human activities which influnced fertility waters. Fertility waters need to know the carrying capacity of the water to sustain the organism. The value and characterize of the fertility waters can determine by calculate the primary productivity, phytoplankton abundance and also physics-chemical variable of water. This research was conducted in February-March 2015 in the Betahwalang River, Demak, which aims to determine the value of primary productivity; the value of phytoplankton abundan, the different that variable based on different areas and determine the relationship between the primary productivity of phytoplankton abundance in the Betahwalang River, Demak. The method used is Descriptive method with the determination of the sampling point, that is purposive sampling. Sampling locations are determined by three stations with different activities in which the First Station is a dock and agriculture; Second Station is a domestic area; and Third Station is a mangrove area. The average value of primary productivity of three stations in the waters of the Betahwalang River are: Station I 667,2-999,6 mgC/m3/day; Station II 500,4-999,6 mgC /m3/day; Station III 667,2-1375,2 mgC/m3/day. Based on the average values of each station, Betahwalang river can be categorized as Mesotrofic-Eutrofic. Phytoplankton abundance in Betahwalang river at three stations are: Station I 2.739-4.140 ind/l; Station II 1.656-3.185 ind/l; Station III 1.274-3.822 ind/l. Based on the average values of each station, Betahwalang river can be categorized as Mesotrofic. Based on the chi-square test, there are differences in each station and repetition where in, the calculated value of primary productivity (X2count = 396,27) and abundance of phytoplankton (X2count = 14310,24) is greater than X2table (13,28). The relationship between primary productivity and phytoplankton abundance showed no significant relationship as evidenced in the results of the linear regression where the value (r) with the primary productivity of phytoplankton abundance of -0,00841

Distribution and Diversity of Fusarium Species Associated with Grasses in Ten States Throughout Peninsular Malaysia

Fusarium is one of the important genera associated with grasses as saprophytes, endophytes and pathogens. A study was carried out on distribution and diversity of Fusarium species associated with two groups of grasses in 10 states throughout Peninsular Malaysia i.e. agricultural grasses (Oryza sativa and Saccharum officinarum) and non-agricultural grasses (Axonopus compressus, Centhotheca lappacea, Chloris barbata, Crysopogon aciculatus, Cyanadon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa colona, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis amabilis, Eragrostis malayana, Eragrostis uniloides, Ischaemum magnum, Panicum brevifolium, Panicum millaneum, Panicum repens, Paspalum commersonii, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum orbiculare, Pennisetum purpureum, Sacciolepis indica, Sporobolus diander and Sporobolus indicus). A total of 474 isolates were single-spored and identified by morphological characteristics. F. semitectum was frequently isolated (23.6%), followed by F. sacchari and F. fujikuroi with 15.4% and 14.6%, respectively. The other nine species were F. solani (10.3%), F. proliferatum (8.9%), F. oxysporum (7.4%), F. subglutinans (6.5%), F. equiseti (5.5%), F. verticillioides (3.4%), F. compactum (2.5%), F. chlamydosporum (1.1%) and F. longipes (0.8%). Based on the Shannon-Weiner Index, F. solani was the highest (H' = 2.62) isolated from grasses. Species of Fusarium from O. sativa were widely diverse with 11 species, followed by non-agricultural grasses with nine species and S. officinarum with only six species. This is the first report on diversity of Fusarium associated with grasses in Malaysia

Ecophysiological responses of two tropical urban shrub plants to elevated carbon dioxide and water stress

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide causes changes in most plant species in terms of physiological and morphological properties. In this study, we elucidate the effects of elevated CO2 and water regimes on two species of shrubs which were Melastoma malabathricum and Clidemia hirta. The factor of water stress was also included whereby for each CO2 treatment, the amount of water was given once or twice daily. The treatment of elevated CO2 was at 800 ppm, where the plants were exposed for two hours daily and ambient CO2 at 400 ppm as the control. The growth of plants was monitored through their height, leaf area and biomass that were recorded fortnightly for six months. The physiological changes were determined via stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. The results revealed that each species responded differently to the CO2 treatments. The growth parameters of height and leaf area index showed positive responses on elevated CO2 and twice watering for both species. As for biomass, M. malabathricum exhibited higher below ground biomass compared to above ground biomass in the elevated CO2. In contrast, C. hirta showed the opposite trend. The results of the three physiological parameters demonstrated a bell shape trend for both treatments with the highest rate at the fifth month

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Gastroprophylactic Effects of p-Cymene in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

The prevalence of gastric ulcers has increased in recent years, mainly because of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug utilization. Therefore, the current study investigates the gastroprotective effect of p-Cymene on absolute ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal hemorrhagic lesions in rats. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly separated into five groups: normal control, ulcer control, reference, and two experimental groups. The normal and ulcer control groups were orally fed with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The reference group was fed orally with 20 mg/kg omeprazole. The experimental groups were fed with 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg p-Cymene, respectively. After one hour, the normal group was fed with 0.5% CMC, and groups 2–5 were given absolute alcohol. After another hour all rats were sacrificed. The ulcer control group showed severe superficial hemorrhagic gastric mucosal lesions with decreased gastric mucus secretion and pH of gastric content. p-Cymene significantly reduced ethanol-induced gastric lesions, as evidenced by increased mucus and pH of gastric content, decreased ulcer area, reduced or absence of edema, and leucocyte infiltration of the subcutaneous layer. In gastric mucosal homogenate, p-Cymene displayed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. In addition, p-Cymene increased the intensity of periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain of the gastric epithelium, and produced up-regulation of the HSP 70 protein and down-regulation of the Bax protein of the stomach epithelium, as well as a reduction in the levels of tumor necrotic factor-alpha and interleukin-6, while the level of interleukin-10 was increased. p-Cymene decreased the level of TNF-a and IL-6, and increased the level of IL-10. Acute toxicity with a higher dose of 500 mg/kg p-Cymene did not manifest any toxicological signs in rats and could enhance defensive mechanisms against gastric mucosal lesions. p-Cymene showed gastroprotective effects that could be attributed to its antioxidant nature, or its ability to increase mucus secretion, increase endogenous enzymes (SOD, CAT, PGE2), reduce MDA level, up-regulate HSP 70 protein, down-regulate Bax protein, and modulate inflammatory cytokines