Exploring Body Comparison Tendencies: Women Are Self-Critical Whereas Men Are Self-Hopeful

Our study examined similarities and differences in women’s and men’s comparison tendencies and perfection beliefs when evaluating their face, body shape, and physical abilities, as well as how these tendencies and beliefs relate to their body esteem. College students (90 women and 88 men) completed the Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) and answered questions concerning their social comparison and temporal comparison tendencies related to face, body shape, and physical abilities evaluations as well as personal perfection body beliefs. As predicted, women were more likely than men to compare their face and bodies to other same-sex persons whom they perceived as having either similar or better physical qualities than themselves in those body domains, with their most likely comparison tendency being upward social comparison. More men than women held body-perfection beliefs for all three body domains, and men were most likely to rely on future temporal comparison when evaluating their body shape. Comparison tendencies and perfection beliefs also were differentially related to women\u27s and men\u27s body esteem; whereas women rely on self-critical social comparison strategies associated with negative body esteem, men’s comparison strategies and perfection beliefs are more self-hopeful. Implications for practitioners treating body-image issues are discussed

Zur Frage der geometrischen Gestalt der normalen Hornhautoberfläche

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Ice-margin and meltwater dynamics during the mid-Holocene in the Kangerlussuaq area of west Greenland

Land-terminating parts of the west Greenland ice sheet have exhibited highly dynamic meltwater regimes over the last few decades including episodes of extremely intense runoff driven by ice surface ablation, ponding of meltwater in an increasing number and size of lakes, and sudden outburst floods, or 'jökulhlaups', from these lakes. However, whether this meltwater runoff regime is unusual in a Holocene context has not been questioned. This study assembled high-resolution topographical data, geological and landcover data, and produced a glacial geomorphological map covering ~1200 km2. Digital analysis of the landforms reveals a mid-Holocene land-terminating ice margin that was predominantly cold-based. This ice margin underwent sustained active retreat but with multiple minor advances. Over c. 1000 years meltwater runoff became impounded within numerous and extensive proglacial lakes and there were temporary connections between some of these lakes via spillways. The ice-dams of some of these lakes had several quasi-stable thicknesses. Meltwater was apparently predominantly from supraglacial sources although some distributary palaeochannel networks and some larger bedrock palaeochannels most likely relate to mid-Holocene subglacial hydrology. In comparison to the geomorphological record at other Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet margins the depositional landforms in this study area are few in number and variety and small in scale, most likely due to a restricted sediment supply. They include perched fans and deltas and perched braidplain terraces. Overall, meltwater sourcing, routing and the proglacial runoff regime during the mid-Holocene in this land-terminating part of the ice sheet was spatiotemporally variable, but in a manner very similar to that of the present day

The Arctic in the twenty-first century: changing biogeochemical linkages across a paraglacial landscape of Greenland

The Kangerlussuaq area of southwest Greenland encompasses diverse ecological, geomorphic, and climate gradients that function over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Ecosystems range from the microbial communities on the ice sheet and moisture-stressed terrestrial vegetation (and their associated herbivores) to freshwater and oligosaline lakes. These ecosystems are linked by a dynamic glacio-fluvial-aeolian geomorphic system that transports water, geological material, organic carbon and nutrients from the glacier surface to adjacent terrestrial and aquatic systems. This paraglacial system is now subject to substantial change because of rapid regional warming since 2000. Here, we describe changes in the eco- and geomorphic systems at a range of timescales and explore rapid future change in the links that integrate these systems. We highlight the importance of cross-system subsidies at the landscape scale and, importantly, how these might change in the near future as the Arctic is expected to continue to warm

Diversity and potential sources of microbiota associated with snow on western portions of the Greenland ice sheet

Snow overlays the majority of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). However, there is very little information available on the microbiological assemblages that are associated with this vast and climate‐sensitive landscape. In this study, the structure and diversity of snow microbial assemblages from two regions of the western GrIS ice margin were investigated through the sequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. The origins of the microbiota were investigated by examining correlations to molecular data obtained from marine, soil, freshwater and atmospheric environments and geochemical analytes measured in the snow. Snow was found to contain a diverse assemblage of bacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) and eukarya (Alveolata, Fungi, Stramenopiles and Chloroplastida). Phylotypes related to archaeal Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota phyla were also identified. The snow microbial assemblages were more similar to communities characterized in soil than to those documented in marine ecosystems. Despite this, the chemical composition of snow samples was consistent with a marine contribution, and strong correlations existed between bacterial beta diversity and the concentration of Na+ and Cl−. These results suggest that surface snow from western regions of Greenland contains exogenous microbiota that were likely aerosolized from more distant soil sources, transported in the atmosphere and co‐precipitated with the snow

Paleohydrology of Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord), West Greenland During the Last ~8,000 Years

Major fluctuations of hydroclimate in West Greenland are recorded in paleoshoreline terraces that encircle several lakes near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (67°01’N, 50°40’W). Geomorphic and stratigraphic analyses were used to construct a lake-level curve for Hunde Sø, a large closed-basin lake in this region. Changes in lake volume associated with lake-level fluctuations were calculated, and a water-balance model was used to determine the primary factors influencing lake volume and the changes in those factors necessary to affect reconstructed lake-level change. Sensitivity tests suggest that mean annual precipitation and the relative proportion of summer versus winter precipitation are the primary climate drivers of lake-level change. Temperature effects are less important unless coupled with changes in one of the other variables. Two pluvial periods occurred centered around 4600 and 2000 cal. yr BP, with mean annual precipitation estimated at 130 mm and 70 mm higher than modern, respectively. In contrast, a low-stand prior to 6070 cal. yr BP with water levels as much as 18 m below modern was a result of summer temperatures ~ 2–3° above modern, coupled with a 14 day increase in the length of the ice-off period and a reduction in mean annual precipitation of ~80 mm relative to modern

Late-Holocene Lake-Level Variation in West Greenland

Situated between the North Atlantic and the Greenland ice sheet, the thousands of lakes in the Kangerlussuaq area of West Greenland (67°N) present excellent targets for paleoclimate studies. Paleoshorelines surrounding multiple closed-basin lakes in this area record fluctuations in lake level since deglaciation. Shorelines along two of these lakes, Hundeso and Lake E, were surveyed and trenched to reconstruct the history of lake-level change. The stratigraphies of the trenches were described, and a chronology has been developed using radiocarbon dating of organic material. Preliminary results indicate a highly variable hydrologic regime throughout the late Holocene. Hundeso had high-stand lake levels ~810 and 1950 14C yr. B.P., reaching elevations 4-5 meters above present lake level. Topographic data show that at these times Hundeso was joined with several neighboring lakes to form a mega lake that covered over 520 ha. Lake E also experienced high stands at the same time (830 and 1920 14C yr. B.P.), with lake levels 1-2 meters above present. This study presents the first direct evidence of Holocene lake-level variability in this region, which can be used to constrain the interpretation of other paleoclimate proxies in cores from regional lakes. Our data suggest substantial hydrologic variation during the last 2000 years, including the highest lake stands since the lakes were formed ~8000 years ago

Psychopathology and family variables of relatives of children with conduct disorder: A family study

There is continued interest in the influence of biological, psychological, and sociological factors on conduct disorder. A review of the literature reveals conduct disorder to be associated with family psychopathology. The current project investigates the association of family variables: psychopathology, especially antisocial personality disorder, alcohol and substance abuse; assaultive behavior, marital discord, family violence, socioeconomic status, and life stress on the prepubertal onset of conduct disorder using the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criterion interview method, the Schedule for Affective Disorders, and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version (SADS-L), the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-Present Episode and Epiodemiological Version, the Coddington Life Change Rating Questionnaire, and other semi-structured interview techniques. Child subjects (ages 4-14; n = 133) were attained from a follow up family study of former hospitalized (n = 69) and normal control (n = 64) subjects where informed parental consent was obtained for follow-up participation in the family study. Three groups were formed: two clinical groups (with conduct disorder, CCD, n = 32; and without conduct disorder, CNCD, n = 37) and one normal control group (NC, n = 59). First and second degree biological relatives were assessed through interviews with the mother, father, and/or child to form best estimate diagnoses for all relatives where information was available. Relatives studied were divided into 5 groups: mothers (n = 128), fathers (n = 128), siblings 18 and older (n = 101), siblings under 18 (n = 151), and second degree relatives (aunts, uncles, grandparents; n=l083). Significant Chi square results were obtained for fathers of the CCD group compared to the normal control group for substance abuse (p $\u3c$ 0.030), antisocial personality disorder (p $\u3c$ 0.004), and for assaultive attempt (p $\u3c$ 0.021), but differed from the clinical control group only for assaultive attempts (p $\u3c$ 0.057). Mothers of the CCD group had significantly more assaultive attempts (p $\u3c$ 0.013) than the normal control group, but did not differ from the inpatient control group in this area. A stepwise logistic regression analysis, conducted to determine the family variables most predictive of conduct disorder, indicated that father\u27s assaultive behavior was most predictive of inpatient conduct disorder when all significant variables were taken into account. Finally, positive results indicated implications for early detection of high risk children, for prevention, and for family intervention, since child treatment would necessitate treatment of a disturbed family unit