Análisis de la producción científica sobre pensamiento algebraico en educación infantil y primaria en Scopus

La investigación relacionada con pensamiento algebraico es un tema de interés, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Los estudios sobre pensamiento algebraico han abordado distintos temas como generalización, estrategias utilizadas y representaciones, a través de tareas que pretenden fomentar el pensamiento algebraico y las capacidades que implica. En este trabajo presentamos un análisis bibliométrico cuyo objetivo es cuantificar y describir, de forma global, la producción científica sobre pensamiento algebraico en educación infantil y educación primaria desde 1984 al 2021. Para ello, analizamos las fuentes incluidas en la base de datos de Scopus, considerando criterios de inclusión como año, idioma, tipos de documentos y área temática. Dentro de los resultados destacamos que este tema sigue en crecimiento distinguiéndose diversos autores que continúan investigando sobre este tema

Diagnostic Yield of Genetic Testing in Young Athletes with T-wave Inversion.

Background -T-wave inversion (TWI) is common in patients with cardiomyopathy. However, up to 25% of athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean descent (black athletes) and 5% of white athletes also have TWI of unclear clinical significance despite comprehensive clinical evaluation and long-term follow-up. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic yield from genetic testing, beyond clinical evaluation, when investigating athletes with TWI. Methods -We investigated 50 consecutive asymptomatic black and 50 white athletes aged 14-35-years-old with TWI and a normal echocardiogram who were referred to a UK tertiary center for cardiomyopathy and sports cardiology. Subjects underwent exercise testing, 24-hour ECG, signal-averaged ECG, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and a blood-based analysis of a comprehensive 311 gene panel for cardiomyopathies including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, and ion channel disorders such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Results -In total, 21 athletes (21%) were diagnosed with cardiac disease on the basis of comprehensive clinical investigations. Of these, 8 (38.1%) were gene positive (MYPBC3, MYH7, GLA, and ACTC1 genes) and 13 (61.9%) were gene negative. Of the remaining 79 athletes (79%), 2 (2.5%) were gene positive (TTR and SCN5A genes) in the absence of a clinical phenotype. The prevalence of newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy was higher in white athletes compared with black athletes (30.0% vs. 12%, P=0.027). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy accounted for 90.5% of all clinical diagnoses. All black athletes and 93.3% of white athletes with a clinical diagnosis of cardiomyopathy or a genetic mutation capable of causing cardiomyopathy exhibited lateral TWI as opposed to isolated anterior or inferior TWI; the genetic yield of diagnoses from lateral TWI was 14.0%. Conclusions -Up to 10% of athletes with TWI revealed mutations capable of causing cardiac disease. Despite the substantial cost, the positive diagnostic yield from genetic testing was one-half of that from clinical evaluation (10% vs. 21%) and contributed to additional diagnoses in only 2.5% of athletes with TWI in the absence of a clear clinical phenotype, making it of negligible use in routine clinical practice

Diagnostic accuracy and Bayesian analysis of new international ECG recommendations in paediatric athletes.

OBJECTIVE: Historically, electrocardiographic (ECG) interpretation criteria for athletes were only applicable to adults. New international recommendations now account for athletes ≤16 years, but their clinical appropriateness is unknown. We sought to establish the diagnostic accuracy of new international ECG recommendations against the Seattle criteria and 2010 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommendations in paediatric athletes using receiver operator curve analysis. Clinical context was calculated using Bayesian analysis. METHODS: 876 Arab and 428 black male paediatric athletes (11-18 years) were evaluated by medical questionnaire, physical examination, ECG and echocardiographic assessment. ECGs were retrospectively analysed according to the three criteria. RESULTS: Thirteen (1.0%) athletes were diagnosed with cardiac pathology that may predispose to sudden cardiac arrest/death (SCA/D) (8 (0.9%) Arab and (5 (1.2%) black)). Diagnostic accuracy was poor (0.68, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.82) for 2010 ESC recommendations, fair (0.70, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.85) for Seattle criteria and fair (0.77, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.93) for international recommendations. False-positive rates were 41.0% for 2010 ESC recommendations, 21.8% for Seattle criteria and 6.8% for international recommendations. International recommendations provided a positive (+LR) and negative (-LR) post-test likelihood ratio of 9.0 (95% CI 5.1 to 13.1) and 0.4 (95% CI 0.2 to 0.7), respectively. CONCLUSION: In Arab and black male paediatric athletes, new international recommendations outperform both the Seattle criteria and 2010 ESC recommendations, reducing false positive rates, while yielding a 'fair' diagnostic accuracy for cardiac pathology that may predispose to SCA/D. In clinical context, the 'chance' of detecting cardiac pathology within a paediatric male athlete with a positive ECG (+LR=9.0) was 8.3%, whereas a negative ECG (-LR=0.4) was 0.4%

Matemáticas en el bachillerato

El bachillerato es la etapa postobligatoria de la educación secundaria en la que se produce la transición de la escuela a la universidad. Esta transición incluye no sólo cambios en las formas de enseñanza o en las estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje utilizadas sino también cambios en el punto de vista sobre las matemáticas. Cuando los estudiantes ingresan en la universidad, los conceptos estudiados en el bachillerato vuelven a aparecer, sin ofrecerles la oportunidad de conectar con lo aprendido anteriormente. El docente debe ser consciente de estos problemas para que no se produzcan conflictos en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Las investigaciones en educación matemática puede ser una vía para lograrlo. En este capítulo se resaltan aspectos clave sobre el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de las matemáticas en bachillerato organizados en relación a los distintos sentidos matemáticos

Prevalence and significance of T-wave inversion in Arab and Black paediatric athletes: Should anterior T-wave inversion interpretation be governed by biological or chronological age?

BACKGROUND: International electrocardiographic (ECG) recommendations regard anterior T-wave inversion (ATWI) in athletes under 16 years to be normal. DESIGN: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence, distribution and determinants of TWI by ethnicity, chronological and biological age within paediatric athletes. A second aim was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of international ECG recommendations against refinement within athletes who present with ECG variants isolated to ATWI (V1-V4) using receiver operator curve analysis. Clinical context was calculated using Bayesian analysis. METHODS: Four hundred and eighteen Arab and 314 black male athletes (11-18 years) were evaluated by ECG, echocardiogram and biological age (by radiological X-ray) assessment. RESULTS: A total of 116 (15.8%) athletes presented with ATWI (V1-V4), of which 96 (82.8%) were observed in the absence of other ECG findings considered to be abnormal as per international recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes; 91 (12.4%) athletes presented with ATWI confined to V1-V3, with prevalence predicted by black ethnicity (odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-3.5) and biological age under 16 years (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3). Of the 96 with ATWI (V1-V4) observed in the absence of other ECG findings considered to be abnormal, as per international recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes, diagnostic accuracy was 'fail' (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.00-1.00) for international recommendations and 'excellent' (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.92-1.00) when governed by biological age under 16 years, providing a positive and negative likelihood ratio of 15.8 (95% CI 1.8-28.1) and 0.0 (95% CI 0.0-0.8), respectively. CONCLUSION: Interpretation of ECG variants isolated with ATWI (V1-V4) using international recommendations (chronological age <16 years) warrants caution, but governance by biological age yielded an 'excellent' diagnostic accuracy. In the clinical context, the 'chance' of detecting cardiac pathology within a paediatric male athlete presenting with ATWI in the absence of other ECG findings considered to be abnormal, as per international recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes (positive likelihood ratio 15.8), was 14.4%, whereas a negative ECG (negative likelihood ratio 0.0) was 0%

Electrical and structural adaptations of the paediatric athlete's heart: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

AIM: To describe the electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic manifestations of the paediatric athlete's heart, and examine the impact of age, race and sex on cardiac remodelling responses to competitive sport. DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Six electronic databases were searched to May 2016: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. INCLUSION CRITERIA: (1) Male and/or female competitive athletes, (2) participants aged 6-18 years, (3) original research article published in English language. RESULTS: Data from 14 278 athletes and 1668 non-athletes were included for qualitative (43 articles) and quantitative synthesis (40 articles). Paediatric athletes demonstrated a greater prevalence of training-related and training-unrelated ECG changes than non-athletes. Athletes ≥14 years were 15.8 times more likely to have inferolateral T-wave inversion than athletes <14 years. Paediatric black athletes had significantly more training-related and training-unrelated ECG changes than Caucasian athletes. Age was a positive predictor of left ventricular (LV) internal diameter during diastole, interventricular septum thickness during diastole, relative wall thickness and LV mass. When age was accounted for, these parameters remained significantly larger in athletes than non-athletes. Paediatric black athletes presented larger posterior wall thickness during diastole (PWTd) than Caucasian athletes. Paediatric male athletes also presented larger PWTd than females. CONCLUSIONS: The paediatric athlete's heart undergoes significant remodelling both before and during 'maturational years'. Paediatric athletes have a greater prevalence of training related and training-unrelated ECG changes than non-athletes, with age, race and sex mediating factors on cardiac electrical and LV structural remodelling

A New Tool to Aid the Differential Diagnosis of Physiological Remodelling from Cardiac Pathology When Assessing Left Ventricle, Left Atrial and Aortic Structure and Function in Male Arab and Black Paediatric Athletes.

Aim: To determine if published Z-scores for left ventricular (LV), left atrial (LA) and aortic structure as well as indices of LV function (Doppler and TDI) in paediatric athletes and non-athletes are appropriate for application in male Arab and black paediatric athletes. If inappropriate, we aim to provide new nomograms and Z-scores for clinical application. Methods: 417 (297 Arab, 120 black) male paediatric (11-18 years) athletes, were evaluated by 2D echocardiography as per British Society of Echocardiography recommendations, and biological age (by radiological X-ray) assessment. Z-scores were tested by residual and correlation analysis together with visual inspection. New Z-scores involved allometric (a*BSA(b+c*chronological age)) and second-order polynomial (y=a*chronological age2+b*chronological age+c) equations for measures of cardiac size and indices of LV function, respectively. Results: Residual linear regression, correlation analysis and visual inspection revealed published z-scores in white peri-pubertal footballers and paediatric non-athletes to be inappropriate for application in male Arab and black paediatric athletes. Residual linear regression revealed new Z-scores for measures of LV, LA and aortic root size to be independent of BSA, ethnicity, chronological and biological age. Residual linear regression revealed new Z-scores for measures of function to be independent of chronological age. Conclusion: Our new z-scores may aid differential diagnosis of suspected pathology versus physiology remodelling, in cardiac screening of the Arab and black paediatric athlete. Nomograms are provided to assist the tracking of the paediatric athlete necessitating annual follow-up and Excel z-score calculation to facilitate use in day-to-day practice

Matemáticas en la enseñanza secundaria obligatoria

El desarrollo de la competencia matemática a lo largo de la etapa de secundaria se lleva a cabo mediante la movilización de contenidos que integran conceptos, procedimientos y actitudes. Estos contenidos se van a organizar en este capítulo en torno a la idea cognitiva de sentido matemático que a lo largo del libro se ha venido interpretando como el conjunto de destrezas relacionadas con el dominio en contexto de contenidos métricos, numéricos, algebraicos, geométricos y estocásticos. Esta idea de sentido matemático subraya el carácter funcional del aprendizaje de las matemáticas y las posibilidades de establecer conexiones entre los diferentes contenidos de los sentidos matemáticos. a lo largo del capítulo se ofrecen propuestas de tareas para el desarrollo de cada uno de los sentidos para orientar al profesorado de esta etapa a desarrollar las propuestas curriculares

Matemáticas en la educación primaria

En este capítulo se concretan las definiciones de los diferentes sentidos, algebraico, espacial, estocástico, de medida y numérico, expuestas en capítulos previos, a la etapa de educación primaria. Se identifican y describen las principales componentes de estos sentidos cuyo desarrollo puede abordarse en esta etapa, dándose ejemplos de tipos de tareas y de recursos que pueden ser útiles. En algunos casos nos apoyamos en investigaciones previas para dar ejemplos de posibles dificultades que puede manifestar el alumnado

International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: Consensus statement.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of mortality in athletes during sport. A variety of mostly hereditary, structural or electrical cardiac disorders are associated with SCD in young athletes, the majority of which can be identified or suggested by abnormalities on a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Whether used for diagnostic or screening purposes, physicians responsible for the cardiovascular care of athletes should be knowledgeable and competent in ECG interpretation in athletes. However, in most countries a shortage of physician expertise limits wider application of the ECG in the care of the athlete. A critical need exists for physician education in modern ECG interpretation that distinguishes normal physiological adaptations in athletes from distinctly abnormal findings suggestive of underlying pathology. Since the original 2010 European Society of Cardiology recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes, ECG standards have evolved quickly, advanced by a growing body of scientific data and investigations that both examine proposed criteria sets and establish new evidence to guide refinements. On 26-27 February 2015, an international group of experts in sports cardiology, inherited cardiac disease, and sports medicine convened in Seattle, Washington (USA), to update contemporary standards for ECG interpretation in athletes. The objective of the meeting was to define and revise ECG interpretation standards based on new and emerging research and to develop a clear guide to the proper evaluation of ECG abnormalities in athletes. This statement represents an international consensus for ECG interpretation in athletes and provides expert opinion-based recommendations linking specific ECG abnormalities and the secondary evaluation for conditions associated with SCD