Transitory Microbial Habitat in the Hyperarid Atacama Desert

Traces of life are nearly ubiquitous on Earth. However, a central unresolved question is whether these traces always indicate an active microbial community or whether, in extreme environments, such as hyperarid deserts, they instead reflect just dormant or dead cells. Although microbial biomass and diversity decrease with increasing aridity in the Atacama Desert, we provide multiple lines of evidence for the presence of an at times metabolically active, microbial community in one of the driest places on Earth. We base this observation on four major lines of evidence: a physico-chemical characterization of the soil habitability after an exceptional rain event, identified biomolecules indicative of potentially active cells [e.g., presence of ATP, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), metabolites, and enzymatic activity], measurements of in situ replication rates of genomes of uncultivated bacteria reconstructed from selected samples, and microbial community patterns specific to soil parameters and depths. We infer that the microbial populations have undergone selection and adaptation in response to their specific soil microenvironment and in particular to the degree of aridity. Collectively, our results highlight that even the hyperarid Atacama Desert can provide a habitable environment for microorganisms that allows them to become metabolically active following an episodic increase in moisture and that once it decreases, so does the activity of the microbiota. These results have implications for the prospect of life on other planets such as Mars, which has transitioned from an earlier wetter environment to today's extreme hyperaridity. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

A Virtual Testing Approach for Laminated Composites Based on Micromechanics

International audienceThe chapter deals with a crucial question for the design of composite structures: how can one predict the evolution of damage up to and including final fracture? Virtual testing, whose goal is to drastically reduce the huge number of industrial tests involved in current characterization procedures, constitutes one of today’s main industrial challenges. In this work, one revisits our multiscale modeling answer through its practical aspects. Some complements regarding identification, kinking, and crack initiation are also given. Finally, the current capabilities and limits of this approach are discussed, as well as the computational challenges that are inherent to “Virtual Structural Testing.

Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use

Tobacco and alcohol use are leading causes of mortality that influence risk for many complex diseases and disorders 1 . They are heritable 2,3 and etiologically related 4,5 behaviors that have been resistant to gene discovery efforts 6–11 . In sample sizes up to 1.2 million individuals, we discovered 566 genetic variants in 406 loci associated with multiple stages of tobacco use (initiation, cessation, and heaviness) as well as alcohol use, with 150 loci evidencing pleiotropic association. Smoking phenotypes were positively genetically correlated with many health conditions, whereas alcohol use was negatively correlated with these conditions, such that increased genetic risk for alcohol use is associated with lower disease risk. We report evidence for the involvement of many systems in tobacco and alcohol use, including genes involved in nicotinic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. The results provide a solid starting point to evaluate the effects of these loci in model organisms and more precise substance use measures

Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 : analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health

Global patterns and environmental drivers of forest functional composition

Aim To determine the relationships between the functional trait composition of forest communities and environmental gradients across scales and biomes and the role of species relative abundances in these relationships. Location Global. Time period Recent. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We integrated species abundance records from worldwide forest inventories and associated functional traits (wood density, specific leaf area and seed mass) to obtain a data set of 99,953 to 149,285 plots (depending on the trait) spanning all forested continents. We computed community-weighted and unweighted means of trait values for each plot and related them to three broad environmental gradients and their interactions (energy availability, precipitation and soil properties) at two scales (global and biomes). Results Our models explained up to 60% of the variance in trait distribution. At global scale, the energy gradient had the strongest influence on traits. However, within-biome models revealed different relationships among biomes. Notably, the functional composition of tropical forests was more influenced by precipitation and soil properties than energy availability, whereas temperate forests showed the opposite pattern. Depending on the trait studied, response to gradients was more variable and proportionally weaker in boreal forests. Community unweighted means were better predicted than weighted means for almost all models. Main conclusions Worldwide, trees require a large amount of energy (following latitude) to produce dense wood and seeds, while leaves with large surface to weight ratios are concentrated in temperate forests. However, patterns of functional composition within-biome differ from global patterns due to biome specificities such as the presence of conifers or unique combinations of climatic and soil properties. We recommend assessing the sensitivity of tree functional traits to environmental changes in their geographic context. Furthermore, at a given site, the distribution of tree functional traits appears to be driven more by species presence than species abundance

J/ψ Production At Low Pt In Au+au And Cu+cu Collisions At Snn =200 Gev With The Star Detector

The J/ψ pT spectrum and nuclear modification factor (RAA) are reported for pT<5GeV/c and |y|<1 from 0% to 60% central Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at sNN=200GeV at STAR. A significant suppression of pT-integrated J/ψ production is observed in central Au+Au events. The Cu+Cu data are consistent with no suppression, although the precision is limited by the available statistics. RAA in Au+Au collisions exhibits a strong suppression at low transverse momentum and gradually increases with pT. The data are compared to high-pT STAR results and previously published BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider results. Comparing with model calculations, it is found that the invariant yields at low pT are significantly above hydrodynamic flow predictions but are consistent with models that include color screening and regeneration. © 2014 American Physical Society.902CNRS/IN2P3; NSF; Arthritis National Research Foundation; NRF-2012004024; ANRF; Arthritis National Research FoundationMatsui, T., Satz, H., (1986) Phys Lett. B, 178, p. 416. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/0370-2693(86)91404-8Digal, S., Petreczky, P., Satz, H., (2001) Phys. Rev. D, 64, p. 094015. , 0556-2821 10.1103/PhysRevD.64.094015Karsch, F., Kharzeev, D., Satz, H., Sequential charmonium dissociation (2006) Physics Letters, Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics, 637 (1-2), pp. 75-80. , DOI 10.1016/j.physletb.2006.03.078, PII S037026930600445XBraun-Munzinger, P., Stachel, J., The quest for the quark-gluon plasma (2007) Nature, 448 (7151), pp. 302-309. , DOI 10.1038/nature06080, PII NATURE06080Abreu, M.C., (1999) Phys. Lett. B, 449, p. 128. , (NA38 Collaboration),. PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00057-XAbreu, M.C., (1997) Phys. Lett. B, 410, p. 327. , (NA50 Collaboration),. PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00914-3Arnaldi, R., Banicz, K., Castor, J., Chaurand, B., Cicalo, C., Colla, A., Cortese, P., Wohri, H.K., J/ψ production in indium-indium collisions at 158GeV/nucleon (2007) Physical Review Letters, 99 (13), p. 132302. , http://oai.aps.org/oai?verb=GetRecord&Identifier=oai:aps.org: PhysRevLett.99.132302&metadataPrefix=oai_apsmeta_2, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.132302Adare, A., Afanasiev, S., Aidala, C., Ajitanand, N.N., Akiba, Y., Al-Bataineh, H., Alexander, J., Al-Jamel, A., J/ψ production versus centrality, transverse momentum, and rapidity in Au+Au collisions at s NN=200 GeV (2007) Physical Review Letters, 98 (23), p. 232301. , http://oai.aps.org/oai?verb=GetRecord&Identifier=oai:aps.org: PhysRevLett.98.232301&metadataPrefix=oai_apsmeta_2, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.232301Adamczyk, L., (2013) Phys. Lett. B, 722, p. 55. , (STAR Collaboration),. PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.010Abelev, B., (2012) Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, p. 072301. , (ALICE Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.072301Chatrchyan, S., (2012) J. High Energy Phys., (5), p. 063. , (CMS Collaboration),. JHEPFG 1029-8479 10.1007/JHEP05(2012)063Braun-Munzinger, P., Stachel, J., (2000) Phys. Lett. B, 490, p. 196. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00991-6Grandchamp, L., Rapp, R., (2002) Nucl. Phys. A, 709, p. 415. , NUPABL 0375-9474 10.1016/S0375-9474(02)01027-8Gavin, S., Vogt, R., (1996) Nucl. Phys. A, 610, p. 442. , NUPABL 0375-9474 10.1016/S0375-9474(96)00376-4Capella, A., (1997) Phys. Lett. B, 393, p. 431. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/S0370-2693(96)01650-4Karsch, F., Petronzio, P., (1988) Z. Phys. C, 37, p. 627. , ZPCFD2 0170-9739 10.1007/BF01549724Adare, A., (2012) Phys. Rev. D, 85, p. 092004. , (PHENIX Collaboration),. 10.1103/PhysRevD.85.092004Charm, beauty and charmonium production at HERA-B (2005) European Physical Journal C, 43 (1-4), pp. 179-186. , DOI 10.1140/epjc/s2005-02308-8Vogt, R., Shadowing and absorption effects on J/ψ production in da collisions (2005) Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics, 71 (5), pp. 1-11. , http://oai.aps.org/oai/?verb=ListRecords&metadataPrefix= oai_apsmeta_2&set=journal:PRC:71, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevC.71.054902, 054902Gavin, S., Gyulassy, M., (1988) Phys. Lett. B, 214, p. 241. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/0370-2693(88)91476-1Noble, J.V., (1981) Phys. Rev. Lett., 46, p. 412. , PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.412Tram, V., Arleo, F., (2009) Eur. Phys. J. C, 61, p. 847. , EPCFFB 1434-6044 10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-0864-yAlde, D., Baer, H., Carey, T., Garvey, G., Klein, A., (1991) Phys. Rev. Lett., 66, p. 133. , PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.133Leitch, M., (1992) Nucl. Phys. A, 544, p. 197. , (E772 and E789 Collaboration),. NUPABL 0375-9474 10.1016/0375-9474(92) 90574-4Leitch, M., (2000) Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, p. 3256. , (NuSea Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.3256Alessandro, B., Alexa, C., Arnaldi, R., Atayan, M., Baglin, C., Baldit, A., Beole, S., Willis, N., Charmonium production and nuclear absorption in p-A interactions at 450 GeV (2004) European Physical Journal C, 33 (1), pp. 31-40. , DOI 10.1140/epjc/s2003-01539-yAlessandro, B., Alexa, C., Arnaldi, R., Atayan, M., Beole, S., Boldea, V., Bordalo, P., Wu, T., A new measurement of J/ψ suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon (2005) European Physical Journal C, 39 (3), pp. 335-345. , DOI 10.1140/epjc/s2004-02107-9Arnaldi, R., (2012) Phys. Lett. B, 706, p. 263. , (NA60 Collaboration),. PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2011.11.042Adare, A., (2013) Phys. Rev. C, 87, p. 034904. , (PHENIX Collaboration),. 10.1103/PhysRevC.87.034904Adare, A., (2013) Phys. Rev. Lett., 111, p. 202301. , (PHENIX Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.202301Adare, A., (2011) Phys. Rev. Lett., 107, p. 142301. , (PHENIX Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.142301Zhao, X., Rapp, R., (2010) Phys. Rev. C, 82, p. 064905. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.82.064905Adamczyk, L., (2013) Phys. Rev. Lett., 111, p. 052301. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.052301Ackermann, K.H., Adams, N., Adler, C., Ahammed, Z., Ahmad, S., Allgower, C., Amonett, J., Harris, J.W., STAR detector overview (2003) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 499 (2-3), pp. 624-632. , DOI 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01960-5Llope, W.J., (2004) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 522, p. 252. , NIMAER 0168-9002 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.414Adler, C., Denisov, A., Garcia, E., Murray, M., Strobele, H., White, S., The RHIC zero-degree calorimeters (2003) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 499 (2-3), pp. 433-436. , DOI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.112Llope, W., (2012) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 661, pp. S110. , (Suppl. 1),. NIMAER 0168-9002 10.1016/j.nima.2010.07.086Reed, R., (2010) J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 219, p. 03020. , 1742-6596 10.1088/1742-6596/219/3/032020Beringer, J., (2012) Phys. Rev. D, 86, p. 010001. , (Particle Data Group),. 10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001Beddo, M., Bielick, E., Fornek, T., Guarino, V., Hill, D., Krueger, K., LeCompte, T., Suaide, A.A.P., The STAR barrel electromagnetic calorimeter (2003) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 499 (2-3), pp. 725-739. , DOI 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01970-8Miller, M.L., Reygers, K., Sanders, S.J., Steinberg, P., (2007) Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 57, p. 205. , ARPSDF 0163-8998 10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123020Abelev, B.I., (2009) Phys. Lett. B, 673, p. 183. , (STAR Collaboration),. PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2009.02.037Bichsel, H., A method to improve tracking and particle identification in TPCs and silicon detectors (2006) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 562 (1), pp. 154-197. , DOI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.03.009, PII S0168900206005353Shao, M., (2006) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 558, p. 419. , NIMAER 0168-9002 10.1016/j.nima.2005.11.251Abelev, B.I., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 79, p. 034909. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.79.034909Adamczyk, L., (STAR Collaboration), arXiv:1402.1791Spiridonov, A., arXiv:hep-ex/0510076Abelev, B.I., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 80, p. 041902. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.80.041902Tang, Z., Xu, Y., Ruan, L., Van Buren, G., Wang, F., Xu, Z., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 79, p. 051901. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.79.051901Tang, Z., Yi, L., Ruan, L., Shao, M., Chen, H., (2013) Chin. Phys. Lett., 30, p. 031201. , CPLEEU 0256-307X 10.1088/0256-307X/30/3/031201Adare, A., (2010) Phys. Rev. D, 82, p. 012001. , (PHENIX Collaboration),. 10.1103/PhysRevD.82.012001Liu, Y., Qu, Z., Xu, N., Zhuang, P., (2009) Phys. Lett. B, 678, p. 72. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2009.06.006Heinz, U.W., Shen, C., (private communication)Adare, A., (2008) Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, p. 122301. , (PHENIX Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.122301Adams, J., (2003) Phys. Rev. Lett, 91, p. 172302. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.172302Adare, A., Afanasiev, S., Aidala, C., Ajitanand, N.N., Akiba, Y., Al-Bataineh, H., Alexander, J., Aoki, K., J/ψ Production versus transverse momentum and rapidity in p+p collisions at s=200GeV (2007) Physical Review Letters, 98 (23), p. 232002. , http://oai.aps.org/oai?verb=GetRecord&Identifier=oai:aps.org: PhysRevLett.98.232002&metadataPrefix=oai_apsmeta_2, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.232002Zhao, X., Rapp, R., (2008) Phys. Lett. B, 664, p. 253. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2008.03.06

Dielectron Azimuthal Anisotropy At Mid-rapidity In Au+au Collisions At Snn =200 Gev

We report on the first measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy (v2) of dielectrons (e+e- pairs) at mid-rapidity from sNN=200 GeV Au+Au collisions with the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), presented as a function of transverse momentum (pT) for different invariant-mass regions. In the mass region Mee<1.1 GeV/c2 the dielectron v2 measurements are found to be consistent with expectations from π0,η,ω, and φ decay contributions. In the mass region 1.1<Mee<2.9GeV/c2, the measured dielectron v2 is consistent, within experimental uncertainties, with that from the cc¯ contributions.906Adams, J., (2005) Nucl. Phys. A, 757, p. 102. , NUPABL 0375-9474Arsene, I., (2005) Nucl. Phys. A, 757, p. 1. , NUPABL 0375-9474Adcox, K., (2005) Nucl. Phys. A, 757, p. 184. , NUPABL 0375-9474Back, B.B., (2005) Nucl. Phys. A, 757, p. 28. , NUPABL 0375-9474Rapp, R., Wambach, J., (2002) Adv. Nucl. Phys., 25, p. 1. , 0065-2970David, G., Rapp, R., Xu, Z., (2008) Phys. Rep., 462, p. 176. , PRPLCM 0370-1573Agakichiev, G., (2005) Eur. Phys. J. C, 41, p. 475. , EPCFFB 1434-6044Arnaldi, R., (2006) Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, p. 162302. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Brown, G.E., Rho, M., (1996) Phys. Rep., 269, p. 333. , PRPLCM 0370-1573Rapp, R., Wambach, J., (1999) Eur. Phys. J. A, 6, p. 415. , EPJAFV 1434-6001Dusling, K., Teaney, D., Zahed, I., (2007) Phys. Rev. C, 75, p. 024908. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Van Hees, H., Rapp, R., (2008) Nucl. Phys. A, 806, p. 339. , NUPABL 0375-9474Renk, T., Ruppert, J., (2008) Phys. Rev. C, 77, p. 024907. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adare, A., (2010) Phys. Rev. C, 81, p. 034911. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adamczyk, L., (2014) Phys. Rev. Lett., 113, p. 022301. , a longer version (unpublished). PRLTAO 0031-9007Rapp, R., Wambach, J., Van Hees, H., (2010) Relativistic Heavy-Ion Physics, , in, edited by R. Stock, Landolt Börnstein New Series I/23A (Springer, Berlin), Chap. 4-1Linnyk, O., Cassing, W., Manninen, J., Bratkovskaya, E.L., Ko, C.M., (2012) Phys. Rev. C, 85, p. 024910. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Xu, J.-H., Chen, H.F., Dong, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y.F., (2012) Phys. Rev. C, 85, p. 024906. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adare, A., (2010) Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, p. 132301. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Poskanzer, A.M., Voloshin, S.A., (1998) Phys. Rev. C, 58, p. 1671. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adare, A., (2012) Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, p. 122302. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Van Hees, H., Gale, C., Rapp, R., (2011) Phys. Rev. C, 84, p. 054906. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Chatterjee, R., Srivastava, D.K., Heinz, U., Gale, C., (2007) Phys. Rev. C, 75, p. 054909. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adare, A., (2009) Phys. Lett. B, 670, p. 313. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693Bonner, B., (2003) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 508, p. 181. , NIMAER 0168-9002Shao, M., (2002) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 492, p. 344Wu, J., (2005) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 538, p. 243. , NIMAER 0168-9002Landgraf, J.M., (2003) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 499, p. 762. , NIMAER 0168-9002Ackermann, K.H., (2003) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 499, p. 624. , NIMAER 0168-9002Anderson, M., (2003) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 499, p. 659. , NIMAER 0168-9002Bichsel, H., (2006) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 562, p. 154. , NIMAER 0168-9002Xu, Y., (2010) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 614, p. 28. , NIMAER 0168-9002Shao, M., (2006) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 558, p. 419. , NIMAER 0168-9002Adams, J., (2005) Phys. Lett. B, 616, p. 8. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693Ruan, L., Ph.D. thesis, University of Science and Technology of China, 2005, arXiv:nucl-ex/0503018 (unpublished)Llope, W.J., (2004) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 522, p. 252. , NIMAER 0168-9002Adler, C., (2002) Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, p. 202301. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Adams, J., (2005) Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, p. 062301. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Adamczyk, L., (2012) Phys. Rev. C, 86, p. 024906. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Zhao, J., (2013), https://drupal.star.bnl.gov/STAR/theses/phd-32, Ph.D. thesis, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, (unpublished)Voloshin, S.A., Poskanzer, A.M., Snellings, R., (2010) Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics, pp. 5-54. , in, Landolt-Börnstein Vol. 1/23 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), ppAdamczyk, L., (2013) Phys. Rev. C, 88, p. 014902. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Abelev, B.I., (2008) Phys. Rev. C, 77, p. 054901. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Abelev, B.I., (2006) Phys. Rev. Lett., 97, p. 152301. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Abelev, B.I., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 79, p. 034909. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Abelev, B.I., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 79, p. 064903. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adams, J., (2005) Phys. Lett. B, 612, p. 181. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693Adler, S.S., (2007) Phys. Rev. C, 75, p. 024909. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Tang, Z., Xu, Y., Ruan, L., Van Buren, G., Wang, F., Xu, Z., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 79, p. 051901. , (R) () PRVCAN 0556-2813Shao, M., Yi, L., Tang, Z., Chen, H., Li, C., Xu, Z., (2010) J. Phys. G, 37, p. 085104. , JPGPED 0954-3899Afanasiev, S., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 80, p. 054907. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adams, J., (2005) Phys. Rev. C, 72, p. 014904. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Abelev, B.I., (2007) Phys. Rev. Lett., 99, p. 112301. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Kroll, N.M., Wada, W., (1955) Phys. Rev., 98, p. 1355. , PHRVAO 0031-899XRuan, L., (2011) Nucl. Phys. A, 855, p. 269. , NUPABL 0375-9474Huang, B., (2011), Ph.D. thesis, University of Science and Technology of China, (unpublished)Sjöstrand, T., (2001) Comput. Phys. Commun., 135, p. 238. , CPHCBZ 0010-4655Adamczyk, L., (2012) Phys. Rev. D, 86, p. 072013. , PRVDAQ 1550-7998Agakishiev, H., (2011) Phys. Rev. D, 83, p. 052006. , PRVDAQ 1550-7998Adare, A., (2011) Phys. Rev. C, 84, p. 044905. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adare, A., (2012) Phys. Rev. C, 85, p. 064914. , PRVCAN 0556-2813Adare, A., (2007) Phys. Rev. Lett., 98, p. 162301. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Adams, J., (2004) Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, p. 052302. , PRLTAO 0031-9007Vujanovic, G., Young, C., Schenke, B., Jeon, S., Rapp, R., Gale, C., (2013) Nucl. Phys. A, 904-905, p. 557c. , NUPABL 0375-9474Vujanovic, G., Young, C., Schenke, B., Jeon, S., Rapp, R., Gale, C., (2014) Phys. Rev. C, 89, p. 034904. , PRVCAN 0556-281

Beam-energy Dependence Of Charge Separation Along The Magnetic Field In Au+au Collisions At Rhic

Local parity-odd domains are theorized to form inside a quark-gluon plasma which has been produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The local parity-odd domains manifest themselves as charge separation along the magnetic field axis via the chiral magnetic effect. The experimental observation of charge separation has previously been reported for heavy-ion collisions at the top RHIC energies. In this Letter, we present the results of the beam-energy dependence of the charge correlations in Au+Au collisions at midrapidity for center-of-mass energies of 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV from the STAR experiment. After background subtraction, the signal gradually reduces with decreased beam energy and tends to vanish by 7.7 GeV. This implies the dominance of hadronic interactions over partonic ones at lower collision energies. © 2014 American Physical Society.1135DOE; National Research Foundation; CNRS/IN2P3; NSF; National Research Foundation; NRF-2012004024; National Research FoundationVafa, C., Witten, E., (1984) Phys. Rev. Lett., 53, p. 535. , PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.535Lee, D.T., (1973) Phys. Rev. D, 8, p. 1226. , PRVDAQ 0556-2821 10.1103/PhysRevD.8.1226Lee, T.D., Wick, G.C., (1974) Phys. Rev. D, 9, p. 2291. , PRVDAQ 0556-2821 10.1103/PhysRevD.9.2291Kharzeev, D.E., McLerran, L.D., Warringa, H.J., (2008) Nucl. Phys., A803, p. 227. , NUPBBO 0375-9474 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.02.298Kharzeev, D., (2006) Phys. Lett. B, 633, p. 260. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2005.11.075Kharzeev, D., Zhitnitsky, A., (2007) Nucl. Phys., A797, p. 67. , NUPBBO 0375-9474 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.10.001Fukushima, K., Kharzeev, D.E., Warringa, H.J., (2008) Phys. Rev. D, 78, p. 074033. , PRVDAQ 1550-7998 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.074033Kharzeev, E.D., (2010) Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam), 325, p. 205. , APNYA6 0003-4916 10.1016/j.aop.2009.11.002Gatto, R., Ruggieri, M., (2012) Phys. Rev. D, 85, p. 054013. , PRVDAQ 1550-7998 10.1103/PhysRevD.85.054013Abelev, B.I., (2009) Phys. Rev. Lett., 103, p. 251601. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.251601Abelev, B.I., (2010) Phys. Rev. C, 81, p. 054908. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.81.054908Adamczyk, L., (2013) Phys. Rev. C, 88, p. 064911. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.88.064911Adamczyk, L., (2014) Phys. Rev. C, 89, p. 044908. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.89.044908Ajitanand, N.N., Esumi, S., Lacey, R.A., Proceedings of the RBRC Workshops, 2010, 96. , http://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/74466.pdf, (PHENIX Collaboration), in, Vol.Ajitanand, N.N., Lacey, R.A., Taranenko, A., Alexander, J.M., (2011) Phys. Rev. C, 83, p. 011901. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.83.011901Abelev, B.I., (2013) Phys. Rev. Lett., 110, p. 012301. , (ALICE Collaboration),. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.012301Bzdak, A., Koch, V., Liao, J., (2010) Phys. Rev. C, 81, p. 031901. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.81.031901Liao, J., Koch, V., Bzdak, A., (2010) Phys. Rev. C, 82, p. 054902. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.82.054902Kharzeev, D.E., Son, D.T., (2011) Phys. Rev. Lett., 106, p. 062301. , PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.062301Voloshin, A.S., (2004) Phys. Rev. C, 70, p. 057901. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.70.057901Anderson, M., (2003) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 499, p. 659. , NIMAER 0168-9002 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01964-2Adams, J., (2005) Phys. Rev. C, 72, p. 014904. , (STAR Collaboration), ()PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.72.014904Agakishiev, G., (2012) Phys. Rev. C, 86, p. 014904. , (STAR Collaboration), ()PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.86.014904Adamczyk, L., (2012) Phys. Rev. C, 86, p. 054908. , (STAR Collaboration),. PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.86.054908Poskanzer, A.M., Voloshin, S.A., (1998) Phys. Rev. C, 58, p. 1671. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.58.1671Barrette, J., (1997) Phys. Rev. C, 56, p. 3254. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.56.3254Ollitrault, J.-Y., Poskanzer, A.M., Voloshin, S.A., (2009) Phys. Rev. C, 80, p. 014904. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.80.014904Abelev, B.I., (2008) Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, p. 252301. , (STAR Collaboration), () and references therein. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.252301Bzdak, A., Koch, V., Liao, J., (2011) Phys. Rev. C, 83, p. 014905. , PRVCAN 0556-2813 10.1103/PhysRevC.83.014905Ray, R.L., Longacre, R.S., arXiv:nucl-ex/0008009;Ray, R.L., Longacre, R.S., (private communication)Bass, S.A., (1998) Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 41, p. 255. , PPNPDB 0146-6410 10.1016/S0146-6410(98)00058-1Bleicher, M., (1999) J. Phys. G, 25, p. 1859. , JPGPED 0954-3899 10.1088/0954-3899/25/9/308Ma, G.-L., Zhang, B., (2011) Phys. Lett. B, 700, p. 39. , PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2011.04.057Okorokov, A.V., (2013) Int. J. Mod. Phys. e, 22, p. 1350041. , IMPEER 0218-3013 10.1142/S0218301313500419Bzdak, A., Koch, V., Liao, J., (2013) Lect. Notes Phys., 871, p. 503. , LNPHA4 0075-8450 10.1007/978-3-642-37305-

In situ metabolism in halite endolithic microbial communities of the hyperarid Atacama Desert

The Atacama Desert of northern Chile is one of the driest regions on Earth, with areas that exclude plants and where soils have extremely low microbial biomass. However, in the driest parts of the desert there are microorganisms that colonize the interior of halite nodules in fossil continental evaporites, where they are sustained by condensation of atmospheric water triggered by the salt substrate. Using a combination of in situ observations of variable chlorophyll fluorescence and controlled laboratory experiments, we show that this endolithic community is capable of carbon fixation both through oxygenic photosynthesis and potentially ammonia oxidation. We also present evidence that photosynthetic activity is finely tuned to moisture availability and solar insolation and can be sustained for days, and perhaps longer, after a wetting event. This is the first demonstration of in situ active metabolism in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert, and it provides the basis for proposing a self-contained, endolithic community that relies exclusively on non-rainfall sources of water. Our results contribute to an increasing body of evidence that even in hyperarid environments active metabolism, adaptation, and growth can occur in highly specialized microhabitats