Complications at the hip replacement and ways of their prediction (review of literature)

The review presents modern data on the role of immune system in development of postoperative complications at hip replacement. Surgical stress while having depressive influence on immune system is powerful factor that causes conditions for development of secondary immune depression or intensifies it. On this background possibility of development of both early and late postoperative complications is quite high, that's why frequency of revision hip replacement increases steadily. Providing of stability of endoprosthesis is extremely important at total hip replacement. Researches realized during last decades determined connection of processes of osteogenesis and bone resorption and polypeptide factors of growth - cytokines. That's why questions of prevention and. correction of loss of bone substance with use of modern pharmacological preparations are important in the movement of observed problem. Infectious complications are also very significant ones at hip replacement. The fact of infectious process being the result of interrelation of macro- and. microorganisms and. immune system having one the leading roles in this process is doubtless. Among all the measures for prevention of postoperative complications their prevention that allows to determine right tactics of operative treatment, to realize complex of preparatory and. rehabilitation measures and. to improve the results of treatment and quality of life of patient, becomes important. Use of immunologic methods allowed to choose criteria and to develop ways of prevention of development of complications at hip replacement. However proposed ways not always allow to count individual susceptibility of an organism to different infectious pathogens; most of them are based on the determination of various specific and. quite laborious indices. Necessity of realization of researches before an operation and. in different terms of postoperative period for determination of dynamic dependence of changes of laboratory indices is significant disadvantage and requires quite prolonged observation of the patient for getting an information about prevention of hip replacement results. That's why further development and use of new ways of early hip replacement undoubtedly allows to improve results of surgical treatment of patients with different forms of coxarthrosis

ROLE OF INTERFERONS IN REGULATION OF OSTOGENIC AND OSTEORESORPTIVE PROCESSES

Bone tissue preserves high metabolic activity during all time of its life. Homeostasis of bone tissue is provided by fine balance between its formation by osteoblasts and its resorption by osteoclasts. There are complex regulatory interrelations between cells of bone differon and. system of interferons, the peculiarities of production of which mediate disturbances of osteoformating and. resorptive components of osteo metabolism at various pathological conditions. The review presents literature data on the role of interferons in regulation of osteogenous and. osteoresorptive processes which opens up the prospective of aimed application of interferons preparations with the purpose of restoration of immunologic imbalance and. bone tissue homeostasis

Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with bronchial asthma

Introduction. According to modern data, bronchial asthma (BA) is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiac arrhythmias (CA), and the use of long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) in basic therapy may further increase the risks of CA.Aim. To study the structure and risk factors of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with bronchial asthma. Materials and methods. A retrospective study included 181 patients aged 69.4 ± 0.8 years, hospitalized for asthma, with the presence a CA in medical documentation.Results. Among BA patients with CA, supraventricular CA were found in 71.3% (129) patients, ventricular CA in 16.6% (30), combined CA in 12.2% (22). In 52.5% (95) patients, supraventricular extrasystole was detected, in 35.9% (65) – atrial fibrillation, in 28.7% (52) – ventricular extrasystole, in 1.1% (2) – paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, in 0.6% (1) – paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. It was found that supraventricular CA was significantly more frequent among women (χ2 = 5.974, p = 0.05). The severity of BA and the level of control are not related to the type of observed CA (χ2 = 0.755, p = 0.685 and χ2 = 3.003, p = 0.557, respectively).Discussion. The use of a combination of ICS and LABA in basic BA therapy versus the use of ICS alone does not have a significant effect on the frequency and structure of cardiac arrhythmias (χ2 = 1.172, p = 0.556).Conclusion. In hospitalized BA patients, supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias are most often detected, among which supraventricular extrasystole and atrial fibrillation take the main place

ПАТОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕСТНОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ СИНДРОМА ДИАБЕТИЧЕСКОЙ СТОПЫ. НОВАЯ АЛЬГИНАТНАЯ ПОВЯЗКА FIBROCLEAN AG: КАКИЕ ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА?

It is well-known that multidisciplinary approaches allow to heal foot ulcers in 70–95 % of diabetic patients. In order to make an effective, local treatment, it is important to consider all pathogenic components of the wound healing process. Foot ulcers in diabetic patients tend to be chronic. The main objective of the local treatment is to create an optimal environment for tissue regeneration. The management of exudating, infected wounds usually represents the biggest difficulties in terms of selecting an optimal dressing. An overview of the results of the research shows that a new silver alginate dressing Fibroclean Ag has high strength and absorbency, which allows changing the bandage less and by this reducing the risk of spontaneous trauma. An additional atraumatic quality of the dressing is specified by the presence of the hyaluronic acid in the structure. The results of the research show that the antibacterial activity Fibroclean Ag corresponds to the spectrum of microorganisms most frequently encountered in diabetic foot ulcers. At the same time the bandage is effective against strains in the form of a biofilm, and outside of it. The important quality of this dressing is a reasonable cost. Thus, we can talk about a feasibility of using Fibroclean Ag in the local treatment of heavily exudating diabetic foot ulcers. At the same time, it should be remembered that the local treatment of wounds can be just as effective as part of a comprehensive treatment. For the detailed study of the properties of the dressing, it is necessary to conduct an additional research about the effectiveness of its usage in different groups of patients with diabetic foot ulcers.Известно, что современные методы комплексного мультидисциплинарного лечения синдрома диабетической стопы (СДС) позволяют заживлять язвенные дефекты у 70–95 % пациентов. Для проведения эффективного местного лечения важно учитывать все патогенетические составляющие раневого процесса. У больных СДС раны, как правило, имеют тенденцию к хронизации (часто раневой процесс надолго задерживается в той или иной фазе или возвращается к предыдущей). Основная цель местного лечения – создание оптимальной среды для репаративных процессов.  Фаза выраженного экссудативного процесса в ране, как правило, представляет наибольшие сложности с точки зрения подбора оптимальной повязки. Обзор результатов проведенных исследований показывает, что новая альгинатная повязка Fibroclean Ag имеет высокую прочность и впитывающую способность, что позволяет реже ее менять, а следовательно, снижает риски спонтанной травматизации. Дополнительная атравматичность повязки обусловлена и наличием в ее составе гиалуроновой кислоты. Результаты исследований показывают, что антибактериальная активность повязки Fibroclean Ag соответствует спектру наиболее часто встречающихся микроорганизмов ран у пациентов с СДС. При этом повязка эффективна по отношению к штаммам как в форме биопленки, так и вне ее. Важным качеством данного перевязочного материала является его приемлемая стоимость. Таким образом, можно говорить о целесообразности использования повязки Fibroclean Ag в местном лечении сильно или средне экссудирующих глубоких и поверхностных ран у больных СДС. В то же время необходимо помнить, что местное лечение ран может быть максимально эффективным лишь в рамках комплексного лечения СДС. Для более детального изучения свойств данной повязки необходимо проведение дополнительных исследований по эффективности ее использования в различных группах пациентов с СДС

Oxytocin signal and social behaviour: comparison among adult and infant oxytocin, oxytocin receptor and CD38 gene knockout mice.

金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系Oxytocin in the hypothalamus is the biological basis of social recognition, trust, love and bonding. Previously, we showed that CD38, a proliferation marker in leukaemia cells, plays an important role in the hypothalamus in the process of oxytocin release in adult mice. Disruption of Cd38 (Cd38 (-/-)) elicited impairment of maternal behaviour and male social recognition in adult mice, similar to the behaviour observed in Oxt and oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) gene knockout (Oxt (-/-) and Oxtr (-/-), respectively) mice. Locomotor activity induced by separation from the dam was higher and the number of ultrasonic vocalisation calls was lower in Cd38 (-/-) than Cd38( +/+) pups. However, these behavioural changes were much milder than those observed in Oxt (-/-) and Oxtr (-/-) mice, indicating less impairment of social behaviour in Cd38 (-/-) pups. These phenotypes appeared to be caused by the high plasma oxytocin levels during development from the neonatal period to 3-week-old juvenile mice. ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity was markedly lower in the knockout mice from birth, suggesting that weaning for mice is a critical time window of plasma oxytocin differentiation. Breastfeeding was an important exogenous source of plasma oxytocin regulation before weaning as a result of the presence of oxytocin in milk and the dam\u27s mammary glands. The dissimilarity between Cd38 (-/-) infant behaviour and those of Oxt (-/-) or Oxtr (-/-) mice can be explained partly by this exogenous source of oxytocin. These results suggest that secretion of oxytocin into the brain in a CD38-dependent manner may play an important role in the development of social behaviour

Unusual congenital polydactyly in mini-pigs from the breeding group of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Novosibirsk, Russia)

The article describes a new phenomenon in the breeding group of mini-pigs at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG, Novosibirsk): polydactyly (extra digits), which is unusual because the additional digits are situated at the lateral surface of legs or at the lateral and medial ones. This anomaly was first found here in 2017 in adult animals intended for culling due to incorrect positioning of the legs caused by flexor tendon laxity and resulting in weight-bearing on the palmar surface of the proximal phalanges (“bear’s paw”). Therefore, the polydactyly of mini-pigs has a pronounced negative selection effect. A visual survey of the livestock was conducted, and a description of the detected anomaly was compiled. The polydactyly in mini-pigs is a stand-alone trait and is not part of any syndromes. Individuals with polydactyly may have extra digits either on pectoral or on pectoral and pelvic limbs. On thoracic limbs, there may be either one lateral digit or a lateral digit and a medially located rudimentary hooflet. On pelvic limbs, only lateral extra digits can occur. Anatomical and morphological analyses showed that the lateral extra digit is an anatomically complete (“mature”) structure, whereas the medial rudimentary digit consists of only a hooflet without other structures characteristic of normal digits. Cytological examination revealed no specific karyotypic features, except for Robertsonian translocation Rb 16;17 previously reported for the mini-pigs of the same livestock. Cytological findings indicated that the polydactyly and Robertsonian translocation are not linked genetically. Genealogical analysis and results of crosses are consistent with a working hypothesis of recessive inheritance of the trait. Overall, the study shows that this type of polydactyly is anatomically and morphologically unique and not typical of Sus scrofa. In this species, only polydactyly types with medial accessory toes have been described and are usually inherited as a dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. In our case, the results of test crosses indicate recessive inheritance of the trait with varying expression and incomplete penetrance, because of which poorly expressed phenotypes are not visually detectable

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНОГО РАССОЛА ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА МЕЛКОКУСКОВЫХ ПОЛУФАБРИКАТОВ ИЗ МЯСА СВИНИНЫ

Rationale is shown to use balsam fir (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a biologically active component to enrich small-sized semi-prepared food of pork. The choice of (Pinus sylvestris L.) fir balsam as the brine component is determined by the rich content of volatile oils, organic acids, vitamins and tanning agents in the balm composition. Based on the chemical composition of the components the formulation of the brine with the fir balsam added is designed. The work expounds the data of sodium cloridum and fir balsam effects on physicochemical changes in the pork, the changes in physicochemical indices were additionally determined in cooled and defrosted pork when brined conventionally and with the fir balsam added. It is proved that the fir balsam added to the brine composition displays inhibiting properties under lipids oxidation in brinepickled semi-prepared foods of pork. It is identified that the fir balsam added influences enzymatic systems and changes physicochemical properties of muscle proteins, develops flavor and aroma properties and enhances the output of ready-made food.Показана целесообразность использования хвои сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в качестве биологически активного компонента для обогащения мелкокусковых полуфабрикатов из мяса свинины. Выбор хвои сосны обыкновенной в качестве компонента рассола обусловлен богатым содержанием в её составе эфирных масел, органических кислот, витаминов, дубильных веществ. На основании анализа химического состава компонентов разработана рецептура рассола с добавлением хвойного экстракта. В работе изложены результаты исследований влияния хлорида натрия и экстракта хвои на физико-химические изменения мяса свинины, дополнительно определены изменения физико-химических показателей в охлажденной и размороженной свинине при традиционном посоле и  посоле с  использованием экстракта хвои. Доказано, что использование хвойного экстракта в составе рассола проявляет ингибирующие свойства при окислении липидов в соленом полуфабрикате из мяса свинины. Установлено, что добавление экстракта хвои влияет на ферментативные системы и изменяет физико-химические свойства мышечных белков, формирует вкусоароматические свойства, повышает хранимоспособность и увеличивает выход готовой продукции

State of the climate in 2013

In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific Ocean and a negative Pacific decadal oscillation pattern in the North Pacific had the largest impacts on the global sea surface temperature in 2013. The North Pacific reached a historic high temperature in 2013 and on balance the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was among the 10 highest on record. Overall, the salt content in nearsurface ocean waters increased while in intermediate waters it decreased. Global mean sea level continued to rise during 2013, on pace with a trend of 3.2 mm yr-1 over the past two decades. A portion of this trend (0.5 mm yr-1) has been attributed to natural variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation as well as to ongoing contributions from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets and ocean warming. Global tropical cyclone frequency during 2013 was slightly above average with a total of 94 storms, although the North Atlantic Basin had its quietest hurricane season since 1994. In the Western North Pacific Basin, Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest tropical cyclone of 2013, had 1-minute sustained winds estimated to be 170 kt (87.5 m s-1) on 7 November, the highest wind speed ever assigned to a tropical cyclone. High storm surge was also associated with Haiyan as it made landfall over the central Philippines, an area where sea level is currently at historic highs, increasing by 200 mm since 1970. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide all continued to increase in 2013. As in previous years, each of these major greenhouse gases once again reached historic high concentrations. In the Arctic, carbon dioxide and methane increased at the same rate as the global increase. These increases are likely due to export from lower latitudes rather than a consequence of increases in Arctic sources, such as thawing permafrost. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the first time since measurements began in 1958, the daily average mixing ratio of carbon dioxide exceeded 400 ppm on 9 May. The state of these variables, along with dozens of others, and the 2013 climate conditions of regions around the world are discussed in further detail in this 24th edition of the State of the Climate series. © 2014, American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)