РОССИЯ НЕ ПОДДЕРЖИВАЕТ «СЛАНЦЕВУЮ РЕВОЛЮЦИЮ»

Growth of volumes of production of shale gas in the USA compelled Russia to pay attention to this type of resourses. The interest to shale gas in Russia was limited to discussions at the level of experts and reflection of importance of this problem in statements of politicians. In the next years in Russia don't plan production of shale gas commercially. It is connected with existence in Russia of considerable reserves of traditional natural gas, absence of exact data of reserves of shale gas, high costs of production, and also environmental risks which accompany development of fields of shale gas.Рост добычи сланцевого газа в США вынудил Россию обратить внимание к данному виду углеводородного сырья. В России интерес к сланцевому газу ограничился дискуссиями на уровне экспертов и отражением важности данной проблемы в заявлениях политиков. Интерес к сланцевому газу снизило наличие значительных запасов традиционного природного газа, отсутствие точных данных относительно имеющихся запасов сланцевого газа на территории России, а также высокие затраты на добычу и экологические риски

Method of gas flows calculation in solid propellant rocket engines taking into account the combustion of solid fuel charge

The paper presents a method for calculating the local and integral characteristics of the flow in the axisymmetric gas-dynamic paths of solid propellant rocket motors, taking into account the combustion of a charge of solid fuel. The numerical method of calculation is based on the use of the Godunov scheme, formulated for moving computational grids. The speed of movement of the combustion surface is defined locally on the edge of each calculation boundary cell. This approach allows us to take into account the uneven distribution of the pressure of the combustion products in the free volume of the combustion chamber. In test calculations, the power law of burning rate is used. Calculations of the gas flow in the solid propellant combustion chamber with cylindrical charge of solid fuel are carried out. Unsteady pressure curve in the combustion chamber is obtained. The method allows to determine all integral characteristics of the developed solid propellant rocket motors as a function of the engine running tim

Разделение эвтектикообразующих смесей путем сочетания процессов фракционной кристаллизации и однократной дистилляции с применением теплового насоса открытого типа

Some variants of separation of binary eutectic mixtures by combining of fractional crystallization and single distillation with using compression heat pumps open type are considered. Influence of different technological parameters on the energy efficiency are analyzed.Рассмотрен ряд вариантов разделения бинарных эвтектикообразующих смесей путем сочетания процессов фракицонной кристаллизации и непрерывной дистилляции с использованием компрессионных тепловых насосов открытого типа. Проанализировано влияние различных технологических параметров на их энергетическую эффективность

Thomson scattering diagnostics at the Globus M2 tokamak

The paper is devoted to the Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostics recently developed for the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak and prototyping the ITER divertor TS diagnostics. The distinctive features of the system are the use of spectrometers, acquisition system and lasers that meet the base requirements for ITER TS diagnostics. The paper describes the diagnostic system that allows precise measurements of TS signals, as well as the results of the first measurements of electron temperature and density in both central region of the plasma column and scrape-off layer. The system provides measurements of electron temperature $T_{e}$ in the range of 5 eV to 5 keV and density $n_{e}$ in the range of $5{\cdot}10^{17}{\div}3.25{\cdot}10^{20} m^{-3}$. The use of two ITER-grade probing lasers of different wavelengths (Nd:YAG 1064.5 nm and Nd:YLF 1047.3 nm) allows reliable measurement of $T_{e}$ in multi-colour mode, i.e., assuming that spectral calibration is unknown

Анализ влияния технологических параметров на эффективность вакуум-выпарной кристаллизации

The theoretical analysis of influence of technological parameters on process operation and efficiency of continuous vacuum-evaporating crystallization in relation to isolation of a number of substances from their water solutions is carried out. Ranges of change of parameters at which carrying out this process is possible are established. It is shown that solution temperature before its pressure reduction, concentration of solution and pressure in a crystallizer have the strongest impact on process operation. Efficiency of process also depends on temperature depressions of solutions and physical and chemical properties of the dissolved substancesВыполнен теоретический анализ влияния технологических параметров на ход и эффективность процесса непрерывной вакуум-выпарной кристаллизации применительно к выделению ряда веществ из их водных растворов. Установлены диапазоны изменения параметров, при которых возможно проведение данного процесса

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Анализ возможностей использования тепловых насосов при проведении вакуум-выпарной кристаллизации

The possibility of using heat pumps of the open and closed type when carrying out vacuumevaporating (adiabatic) crystallization is analysed. The influence of technological parameters on the efficiency of the use of thermal pumps is considered. Thus, areas of change of technological parameters in which it is profitable to use such heat pumps are established. It is shown that the power efficiency of using closed-type heat pumps is higher than that of open-type heat pumps when carrying out adiabatic crystallization.Проанализирована возможность использования тепловых насосов открытого и закрытого типа при проведении вакуум-выпарной кристаллизации. При этом установлены области изменения технологических параметров, в которых выгодно применять такие тепловые насосы. Показано, что при проведении рассматриваемого процесса кристаллизации энергетическая эффективность использования закрытых тепловых насосов выше, чем тепловых насосов открытого типа

Performance and Operation of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented